PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF BIFIDOBACTERIUM LONGUM SUSPENSION FORMULATED WITH MEDIUM CHAIN TRIGLYCERIDES OIL IN DNBS-INDUCED COLITIS IN SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS
Abstract
One of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases that causes extensive damage to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD symptoms can range in severity from mild and frequent diarrhea, bloating, and abdominal pain to severe bloody stools, anemia, unconsciousness, and occasionally even death. One of the main contributing factors to the pathophysiology of IBD is gut dysbiosis. The purpose of the current study was to determine how well a probiotic (Bifidobacterium longum) solution in medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) oil protected rats from colitis caused by dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS). Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were given DNBS (120 mg/kg/rat) intrarectally to induce colitis, which was then allowed to persist for three days. Rats were randomly assigned to receive either B. longum oil suspension (3 x 106 CFU/g/day orally) or dexamethasone (2 mg/kg/day orally) for 28 days in a row after colitis induction. Body weight, average intake of food and water, histological analysis, colon weight, intestinal inflammatory biomarkers (fecal calprotectin), antioxidant potential (glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)), and biomarkers of oxidative stress (nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA)). The disease activity index (DAI) and colonic mucosal damage index (CMDI) scores were used to assess the extent of colonic damage. The statistical analysis was conducted using GraphPad Prism software, with a significance threshold of p < 0.05. Body weight and food and water intake were significantly reduced in the DNBS-induced colitis group, while it was prevented by dexamethasone and B. longum oil suspension. Similarly, the degree of colonic damage brought on by DNBS was considerably reduced by dexamethasone and B. longum oil suspension therapy. This impact was followed by considerable improvement in the antioxidant biomarker levels (GSH and SOD) and reduction in the oxidative stress and intestinal inflammation level. Dexamethasone treatment outperformed B. longum oil suspension therapy in every analyzed metric. The study's findings demonstrate the protective effects of B. longum oil suspension therapy and dexamethasone in a DNBS-induced experimental colitis model. This effect may be explained by the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of the treatments.
Keywords:
Probiotic, Bifidobacterium longum, Dexamethasone, Inflammatory bowel disease, Oxidative stress, Inflammation, Gut dysbiosisDOI
https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2025.170210References
Ramos GP, Papadakis KA. Mechanisms of Disease: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2019;94(1):155–165. Available from: doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.09.013.
Zhang YZ, Li YY. Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathogenesis. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2014;20(1):91-99. Available from: doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i1.91.
Vermeire S, Van Assche G, Rutgeerts P. Classification of inflammatory bowel disease: the old and the new. Current opinion in gastroenterology. 2012;28(4):321–326. Available from: doi.org/10.1097/MOG.0b013e328354be1e.
Ray G. Inflammatory bowel disease in India - Past, present and future. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2016;22(36):8123–8136. Available from: doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i36.8123.
Kedia S, Ahuja V. Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in India: The Great Shift East. Inflammatory Intestinal Diseases. 2017;2(2):102–115. Available from: doi.org/10.1159/000465522.
Dam AN, Berg AM, Farraye FA. Environmental Influences on the Onset and Clinical Course of Crohn’s Disease—Part 1: An Overview of External Risk Factors. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2013;9(11):711-717.
Davis J, Kellerman R. Gastrointestinal Conditions: Inflammatory Bowel Disease. FP essentials. 2022;516:23–30.
Singh S, Blanchard A, Walker JR, Graff LA, Miller N, Bernstein CN. Common Symptoms and Stressors Among Individuals With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2011;9(9):769–775. Available from: doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2011.05.016.
Linschoten RCA, Visser E, Niehot CD, Woude CJ, Hazelzet JA, Noord D, et al. Systematic review: societal cost of illness of inflammatory bowel disease is increasing due to biologics and varies between continents. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2021;54(3):234–248. Available from: doi.org/10.1111/apt.16445.
Coward S, Windsor J, Benchimol E, Bernstein C, Avina-Zubieta A, Bitton A, et al. THE COST OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: A POPULATION-BASED ANALYSIS OF ADMINISTRATIVE DATA. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2024;30(Supplement_1):S40. Available from: doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izae020.084.
Duff W, Haskey N, Potter G, Alcorn J, Hunter P, Fowler S. Non-pharmacological Therapies for Inflammatory Bowel disease: Recommendations for self-care and Physician Guidance. World Journal of Gastroenterology.2018;24(28):3055–3070. Available from: doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v24.i28.3055.
Leitner GC. Pharmacological- and non-pharmacological therapeutic approaches in inflammatory bowel disease in adults. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2016;7(1):5-20. Available from: doi.org/10.4292/wjgpt.v7.i1.5.
Kheni DB, Sureja VP, Deshpande SS, Dubey VP, Kansagra JJ. A Systematic Mapping Review of In-Vitro and In-Vivo Evidences Exploring The Role of Strain-Specific Probiotic Bifidobacterium longum W11: International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research.2024;127–134. Available from: doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2024.160117
Jandhyala SM. Role of the Normal Gut Microbiota. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2015;21(29):8787- 8803. Available from: doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i29.8787
Bidell MR, Hobbs ALV, Lodise TP. Gut microbiome health and dysbiosis: A clinical primer. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 2022;42(11):849–857. Available from: doi.org/10.1002/phar.2731
Santana PT, Rosas SLB, Ribeiro BE, Marinho Y, de Souza HSP. Dysbiosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Pathogenic Role and Potential Therapeutic Targets. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022;23(7):3464. Available from: doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073464
Ram Hari Dahal, Kim S, Yu Kyung Kim, Eun Soo Kim, Kim J. Insight into gut dysbiosis of patients with inflammatory bowel disease and ischemic colitis. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2023; 14:1174832. Available from: doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1174832
Shan Y, Lee M, Chang EB. The Gut Microbiome and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Annual Review of Medicine. 2022;73:455–468. Available from: doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-042320-021020.
Lal S, Kandiyal B, Ahuja V, Takeda K, Das B. Gut microbiome dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science.2022;192(1):179-204. Available from: doi.org/10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.09.003
Fijan S. Microorganisms with Claimed Probiotic Properties: An Overview of Recent Literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014;11(5):4745–4767. Available from: doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110504745
Ma T, Shen X, Shi X, Sakandar HA, Quan K, Li Y, et al. Targeting gut microbiota and metabolism as the major probiotic mechanism - An evidence-based review. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2023;138:178–198. Available from: doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2023.06.013
Chandrasekaran P, Weiskirchen S, Ralf Weiskirchen. Effects of Probiotics on Gut Microbiota: An Overview. International journal of molecular sciences. 2024;25(11):6022. Available from: doi.org/10.3390/ijms25116022
Li C, Niu Z, Zou M, Liu S, Wang M, Gu X, et al. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics regulate the intestinal microbiota differentially and restore the relative abundance of specific gut microorganisms. Journal of Dairy Science. 2020;103(7):5816–5829. Available from: doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-18003
Ahn SI, Cho S, Choi NJ. Effect of dietary probiotics on colon length in an inflammatory bowel disease-induced murine model: A meta-analysis. Journal of dairy science. 2020;103(2):1807–1819. Available from: doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17356
Zhang T, Zhang J, Duan L. The Role of Genetically Engineered Probiotics for Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2023;15(7):1566. Available from: doi.org/10.3390/nu15071566
Huang Y, Peng S, Zeng R, Yao H, Feng G, Fang J. From probiotic chassis to modification strategies, control and improvement of genetically engineered probiotics for inflammatory bowel disease. Microbiological Research. 2024;289:127928. Available from: doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2024.127928
Pesce M, Seguella L, Del Re A, Lu J, Palenca I, Corpetti C, et al. Next-Generation Probiotics for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022;23(10):5466. Available from: doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105466.
Khafipour A, Eissa N, Munyaka PM, Rabbi MF, Kapoor K, Kermarrec L, et al. Denosumab Regulates Gut Microbiota Composition and Cytokines in Dinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid (DNBS)-Experimental Colitis. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020;11:1405. Available from: doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01405.
Zhou Y, Xu H, Xu J, Guo X, Zhao H, Chen Y, et al. F. prausnitzii and its supernatant increase SCFAs-producing bacteria to restore gut dysbiosis in TNBS-induced colitis. AMB Express. 2021;11(1):33. Available from: doi.org/10.1186/s13568-021-01197-6.
Son M, Park IS, Kim S, Ma HW, Kim JH, Kim TI, et al. Novel Potassium-Competitive Acid Blocker, Tegoprazan, Protects Against Colitis by Improving Gut Barrier Function. Frontiers in Immunology. 2022:13:870817. Available from: doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.870817.
Maciel-Fiuza MF, Muller GC, Campos DMS, do Socorro Silva Costa P, Peruzzo J, Bonamigo RR, et al. Role of gut microbiota in infectious and inflammatory diseases. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2023;14:1098386. Available from: doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1098386.
Valdes AM, Walter J, Segal E, Spector TD. Role of the Gut Microbiota in Nutrition and Health. British Medical Journal. 2018; 361:k2179. Available from: doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k2179.
Hemarajata P, Versalovic J. Effects of probiotics on gut microbiota: mechanisms of intestinal immunomodulation and neuromodulation. Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology. 2013;6(1):39–51. Available from: doi.org/10.1177/1756283X12459294.
Muro P, Zhang L, Li S, Zhao Z, Jin T, Mao F, et al. The emerging role of oxidative stress in inflammatory bowel disease. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2024;15:1390351. Available from: doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2024.1390351.
Liu P, Li Y, Wang R, Ren F, Wang X. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Nanotherapeutic Approaches for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Biomedicines. 2021;10(1):85. Available from: doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10010085.
Morgan MJ, Liu Z. Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling. Cell Research. 2011;21(1):103–115. Available from: doi.org/10.1038/cr.2010.178.
Khansari N, Shakiba Y, Mahmoudi M. Chronic Inflammation and Oxidative Stress as a Major Cause of Age- Related Diseases and Cancer. Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery. 2009;3(1):73–80. Available from: doi.org/10.2174/187221309787158371.
Ramos-González EJ, Bitzer-Quintero OK, Ortiz G, Hernández-Cruz JJ, Ramírez-Jirano LJ. Relationship between inflammation and oxidative stress and its effect on multiple sclerosis. Neurología. 2024;39(3): :292-301. Available from: doi.org/10.1016/j.nrleng.2021.10.010.
Tian T, Wang Z, Zhang J. Pathomechanisms of Oxidative Stress in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Potential Antioxidant Therapies. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2017:2017:4535194. Available from: doi.org/10.1155/2017/4535194.
Hamid Mostafavi Abdolmaleky, Zhou JR. Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Epigenetic Alterations in Metabolic Diseases. Antioxidants.2024;13(8):985. Available from: doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080985.
Li L, Peng P, Ding N, Jia W, Huang C, Tang Y. Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Gut Dysbiosis: What Can Polyphenols Do in Inflammatory Bowel Disease? Antioxidants. 2023;12(4):967. Available from: doi.org/10.3390/antiox12040967.
Li Q, Zheng T, Ding H, Chen J, Li B, Zhang Q, et al. Exploring the Benefits of Probiotics in Gut Inflammation and Diarrhea—From an Antioxidant Perspective. Antioxidants. 2023 ;12(7):1342. Available from: doi.org/10.3390/antiox12071342.
Ballini A, Santacroce L, Cantore S, Bottalico L, Dipalma G, Topi S, et al. Probiotics Efficacy on Oxidative Stress Values in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study. Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets. 2019;19(3):373–81. Available from: doi.org/10.2174/1871530319666181221150352.
Nesina Avdagić, Asija Zaciragic, Nermina Babić, Mirsada Hukić, Seremet M, Orhan Lepara, et al. Nitric oxide as a potential biomarker in inflammatory bowel disease. Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences.2013;13(1):5–9. Available from: doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2013.2402.
Byndloss MX, Olsan EE, Rivera-Chávez F, Tiffany CR, Cevallos SA, Lokken KL, et al. Microbiota-activated PPAR-γ signaling inhibits dysbiotic Enterobacteriaceae expansion. Science. 2017;357(6351):570–575. Available from: doi.org/10.1126/science.aam9949.
Cordiano R, Di Gioacchino M, Mangifesta R, Panzera C, Gangemi S, Minciullo PL. Malondialdehyde as a Potential Oxidative Stress Marker for Allergy-Oriented Diseases: An Update. Molecules.2023;28(16):5979. Available from: doi.org/10.3390/molecules28165979.
Aquilano K, Baldelli S, Ciriolo MR. Glutathione: new roles in redox signaling for an old antioxidant. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2014;5:196. Available from: doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2014.00196.
Younus H. Therapeutic potentials of superoxide dismutase. International Journal of Health Sciences.2018;12(3):88–93.
Korczowska-Łącka I, Słowikowski B, Piekut T, Hurła M, Banaszek N, Szymanowicz O, et al. Disorders of Endogenous and Exogenous Antioxidants in Neurological Diseases. Antioxidants. 2023;12(10):1811. Available from: doi.org/10.3390/antiox12101811.
Lee S, Hu L. Nrf2 activation through the inhibition of Keap1–Nrf2 protein–protein interaction. Medicinal Chemistry Research.2020;29(5):846-867. Available from: doi.org/10.1007/s00044-020-02539-y.
Moura FA, de Andrade KQ, dos Santos JCF, Araújo ORP, Goulart MOF. Antioxidant therapy for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: Does it work? Redox Biology. 2015;6:617–639. Available from: doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2015.10.006.
Wang Y, Wu Y, Wang Y, Xu H, Mei X, Yu D, et al. Antioxidant Properties of Probiotic Bacteria. Nutrients. 2017;19;9(5):521. Available from: doi.org/10.3390/nu9050521.
Pathirana WGW, Chubb SP, Gillett MJ, Vasikaran SD. Faecal Calprotectin. The Clinical Biochemist Reviews. 2018;39(3):77–90.
Cristofori F, Dargenio VN, Dargenio C, Miniello VL, Barone M, Francavilla R. Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotics in Gut Inflammation: A Door to the Body. Frontiers in Immunology.2021;12:578386. Available from: doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.578386.
Published
Abstract Display: 90 
PDF Downloads: 63 How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2025 Dharmeshkumar Kheni, Varun Sureja, Shrikalp Deshpande, Vishal Dubey, Jignesh Kansagra, Aditi Bariya
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
