Current Pathology, Pharmacotherapy insights and the method of awareness for effective management of Cervical Cancer
Abstract
The primary motto of the review is to analyze the current pathology and pharmacotherapy of cervical tumor; in addition to that we focus on creating awareness for early detection and vaccination to diminish the incidence of disease and death in developing countries. Cervical tumor occupied a second place among the malignance in women with primary contributor to morbidity and mortality. Approximately 500,000 females are detected with cervical tumors annually, leading to 300,000 fatalities globally. The disease is largely preventable. HPV types 16 and 18 are the primary etiological agents of cervical tumor. Accurate and early detection of abnormal cytologic changes prevents the progression of the disease. Standard treatment involves either radical surgery or radiotherapy. Childbearing is therefore impossible after the treatments. The intensity-modulated radiotherapy, one of the advance radiotherapy technology aids reduced medication effects for women with locally advanced diseases. Cervical dysplastic lesions are prevented in eligible women who have not previously contracted the vaccine-specific HPV strains by receiving an HPV vaccination. Treatment decisions are primarily based on the stage determined by clinical FIGO staging. In wealthier nations, the utilize of pap smears has substantially decreased the occurrence of cervical tumor in low- and middle-income nations without examination and HPV vaccination programs. Approximately 90% of cervical cancer occurrences arise. Additionally, it emphasizes how important it is to prioritize efforts, especially in low- and middle-income nations. Its main goal is to raise awareness among women to lower the incidence of cervical tumor.
Keywords:
Cervical cancer, HPV vaccination, PAP-HPV test, cervical cancer in pregnancyDOI
https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2025.170409References
Cohen PA, Jhingran A, Oaknin A, Denny L. Cervical cancer. The Lancet. 2019; 393(10167):169–182. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32470-x
Small W Jr, Bacon MA, Bajaj A, Chuang LT, Fisher BJ, Harkenrider MM, Jhingran A, Kitchener, HC, Mileshkin LR, Viswanathan A, Gaffney DK. Cervical cancer: A global health crisis. Cancer. 2017; 123(13): 2404–2412. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30667
Shepherd JH. Cervical cancer. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2012; 26(3): 293–309. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2011.12.004
Guimarães YM, Godoy R, Longatto-Filho A, Reis R. dos. Management of early-stage cervical cancer: A literature review. Cancers, 2022; 14(3): 575. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14030575
Peralta-Zaragoza O, Bermudez-Morales, Perez-Plasencia, Salazar-Leon, Gomez-Ceron, Madrid-Marina. Targeted treatments for cervical cancer: A review. Onco Targets and Therapy. 2012; 5:315. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2147/ott.s25123
Waggoner SE. Cervical cancer. The Lancet. 2003; 361(9376): 2217–2225. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13778-6
Aswathy S, Reshma J, Avani D. Epidemiology of cervical cancer with special focus & nbsp on India. International Journal of Women’s Health. 2015; 7:405. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2147/ijwh.s50001
Alves C, Alves L, Lunet N. Prevalence and determinants of cervical cytology use in an urban sample of Portuguese women. European Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2009; 18(6): 482–488. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/cej.0b013e328330eb47
MacLaughlin KL, Jacobson RM, Radecki Breitkopf C, Wilson PM, Jacobson DJ, Fan C, St. Sauver JL, Rutten LJF. Trends over time in pap and pap-hpv cotesting for cervical cancer screening. Journal of Women’s Health, 2019; 28(2):244–249. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2018.7380
Balasubramaniam SD, Balakrishnan V, Oon CE, Kaur G. Key molecular events in cervical cancer development. Medicina. 2019; 55(7):384. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55070384
Kurnia I, Rauf S, Hatta M, Arifuddin S, Hidayat YM, Natzir R, Kaelan C, Bukhari A, Pelupessy NU, Patelonggi IJ. Molecular Patho-mechanisms of cervical cancer (MMP1). Annals of Medicine & Surgery. 2022; 77:1-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103415
Beharee N, Shi Z, Wu D, Wang J. Diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer in pregnant women. Cancer Medicine. 2019; 8(12): 5425–5430. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.2435
Eun TJ, Perkins RB. Screening for cervical cancer. Medical Clinics of North America. 2020; 104(6): 1063–1078. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2020.08.006
Bhatla N, Singhal S. Primary HPV screening for cervical cancer. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2020;65: 98–108. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.02.008
American Cancer Society. Human Papillomavirus. 19. Available from: https://doi.org/1.800.227.2345
Jin XW, Lipold L, Foucher J, Sikon A, Brainard J, Belinson J, Schramm S, Nottingham K, Hu B, Rothberg MB. Cost-Effectiveness of primary HPV testing, cytology and co-testing as cervical cancer screening for women above age 30 years. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2016;31(11): 1338–1344. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-016-3772-5
Burmeister CA, Khan SF, Schäfer GM, batani N, Adams T, Moodley J, Prince S. Cervical cancer therapies: Current challenges and future perspectives. Tumour Virus Research 2022; 13:1-10.200238. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvr.2022.200238
George IA, Chauhan R, Dhawale RE, Iyer R, Limaye S, Sankaranarayanan R, Venkataramanan R, Kumar P. Insights into therapy resistance in cervical cancer. Advances in Cancer Biology – Metastasis. 2022; 6:1-10. 100074. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adcanc.2022.100074
Poddar P, Maheshwari A. Surgery for cervical cancer. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2021; 154(2): 284–292. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_4240_20
Reade CJ, Eiriksson LR, Covens A. Surgery for early stage cervical cancer: How radical should it be? Gynecologic Oncology. 2013; 131(1): 222–230. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.07.078
Williamson CW, Liu HC, Mayadev J, Mell LK. Advances in external beam radiation therapy and brachytherapy for cervical cancer. Clinical Oncology. 2021; 33(9): 567–578. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clon.2021.06.012
Lee SW, Kim A, Lee SJ, Kim SH, Lee JH. Intensity-Modulated radiation therapy for uterine cervical cancer to reduce toxicity and enhance efficacy – an option or a must?: A narrative review. Cancer Research and Treatment.2024; 56(1): 1–17. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2023.562
Ferrall L, Lin KY, Roden RBS, Hung CF, Wu T-C. Cervical cancer immunotherapy: Facts and hopes. Clinical Cancer Research. 2021;27(18): 4953–4973. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-2833
Vora C, Gupta S. Targeted therapy in cervical cancer. ESMO Open.2018; 3:1-7. e000462. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/esmoopen-2018-000462
Pectasides D, Kamposioras K, Papaxoinis G, Pectasides E. Chemotherapy for recurrent cervical cancer. Cancer Treatment Reviews. 2008;34(7):603–613. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2008.05.006
Liontos M, Kyriazoglo A, Dimitriadis I, Dimopoulos M-A, Bamias A. Systemic therapy in cervical cancer: 30 years in review. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 2019; 137: 9–17. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.02.009
Kamura T, Ushijima K. Chemotherapy for advanced or recurrent cervical cancer. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2013; 52(2): 161–164. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjog.2013.04.003
Kumar L, Harish P, Malik PS, Khurana S. Chemotherapy and targeted therapy in the management of cervical cancer. Current Problems in Cancer. 2018; 42(2):120–128. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2018.01.016
Kasius JC, van der Velden J, Denswil NP, Tromp JM, Mom CH. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in fertility-sparing cervical cancer treatment. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics &. Gynaecology. 2021; 75: 82–100. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2021.01.010
Wang R, Pan W, Jin L, Huang W, Li Y, Wu D, Gao C, Ma D, Liao S. Human papillomavirus vaccine against cervical cancer: Opportunity and challenge. Cancer Letters 2020;471: 88–102. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2019.11.039
Kaarthigeyan K. Cervical cancer in India and HPV vaccination. Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology.2012;33(01): 7–12. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-5851.96961
Grellier N, Quéro L. Cancer du col utérin : Spécificités chez les patientes séropositives pour le VIH. Bulletin Du Cancer. 2014; 101(11):1040–1047. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1684/bdc.2014.2034
Logan JL, Khambaty MQ, D’Souza KM, Menezes LJ. Cervical cancer screening among HIV-infected women in a health department setting. AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2010; 24(8): 471–475. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2009.0295
Mapanga W, Singh E, Feresu SA, Girdler-Brown B. Treatment of pre- and confirmed cervical cancer in HIV-seropositive women from developing countries: A systematic review. Systematic Reviews.2020;9(1):2-14. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-020-01345-2
Mohanty S, Gurram L, Chopra S, Mahantshetty U, Grover S. Cervical cancer treatment in HIV-positive patients: A survey of treatment practices in India. JCO Global Oncology.2021; 7: 843–848. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1200/go.21.00081
Ntekim A, Campbell O, Rothenbacher D. Optimal management of cervical cancer in HIV‐positive patients: A systematic review. Cancer Medicine. 2015; 4(9): 1381–1393. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.485
Einstein MH, Phaëton R. Issues in cervical cancer incidence and treatment in HIV. Current Opinion in Oncology. 2010; 22(5): 449–455. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/cco.0b013e32833cff4f
Guillaume D, Chandler R, Igbinoba S. Barriers to cervical cancer screening among women living with HIV in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2020; 31(5): 497–516. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/jnc.0000000000000194
Frazer IH. Prevention of cervical cancer through papillomavirus vaccination. Nature Reviews Immunology.2004; 4(1): 46–55. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/nri1260
Schiffman M, Wentzensen N, Wacholder S, Kinney W, Gage JC, Castle PE. Human papillomavirus testing in the prevention of cervical cancer. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2011; 103(5): 368–383. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djq562
Deguara M. Cervical cancer and screening: Knowledge, awareness and attitudes of women in a Malta. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene. 2020;61(4): E584–E584. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2020.61.4.1521
Osowiecka K, Yahuza S, Szwiec M, Gwara A, Kasprzycka K, Godawska M, Olejniczak D, Nowacka A, Nowakowski JJ, Nawrocki M, Rucinska M. Students’ knowledge about cervical cancer prevention in poland. Medicina. 2021; 57(10): 1045. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57101045
Kamzol W, Jaglarz K, Tomaszewski KA, Puskulluoglu M, Krzemieniecki K. Assessment of knowledge about cervical cancer and its prevention among female students aged 17–26 years. European Journal of Obstetrics &. Gynecology and Reproductive Biology.2013;166(2): 196–203. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.10.019
Canfell K. Towards the global elimination of cervical cancer. Papillomavirus Research. 2019; 8:1-2.100170. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pvr.2019.100170.
Published
Abstract Display: 387 
PDF Downloads: 229 How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2025 S Jamuna, A Janani, K P Silpadas, RU Tharshini Sri, V Zeevitha, G Sivakumar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
