TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES OF HYDROMETHANOLIC LEAVES EXTRACT OF GREWIA CRENATA
Abstract
The acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity studies of hydro-methanolic extracts of Grewia crenata leaves were evaluated in rats. The extract at a single dose of 5000 mg/kg did not produce treatment related signs of toxicity or mortality in any of the animals tested during 14 days observation period. Therefore, LD 50 of this plant was estimated to be more than 5000 mg/kg. Phytochemical screening of the leaves extract revealed the plant to contain saponins, steroids, flavonoids, anthraquinones and glycosides. In the repeated dose 28days oral toxicity study, administration of 900, 1800, 2700 and 3600 mg/kg of body weight G. crenata leaves extracts revealed no significantly difference (p<0.05) in the hematological parameter except for reduced platelet and increased differential blood count shown in some of the treated groups. Analysis of serum liver enzymes, uric acid, total protein, albumin, cholesterol, electrolytes and creatinine revealed no significant (P<0.05) changes in the extract treated groups compared to control group. However, significant differences (P<0.05) were seen in glucose, urea and bilirubin of the treated groups when compared to the control group. These results suggest that the sub-chronic administration of hydro-methanolic leaves extracts of Grewia crenata has no marked acute and sub-chronic toxic effect in rats.
Keywords:
Toxicity, Grewia crenata, leaves extracts, hydromethanolic and medicinal plantDOI
https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2012.040405References
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29. Brown JE, Rice-Evans CA. Linteolin-rich antichoke extract protects LDL from oxidation in-vitro. Free Rad. Res.1998; 29: 247- 255.
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36. Adebayo JO, Adesokan AA, Olatunji LA, Buoro DO, Soladoye AO. Effect of Ethanolic extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis leaves on hematological and serum lipid variables in rats. Biochem. 2005; 17: 45.
37. Ukwuani AN, Abubakar MG, Hassan SW, Agaie BM. Antinociceptive activity of hydromethanolic extract of some medicinal plants in mice. International journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemical research. 2012 [In press for publication].
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40. Abolaji AO, Adebayo AH, Odesanmi OS. Effect of ethanolic extract of Parinari polyandra (Rosaceae) on serum lipid profile and some electrolytes in pregnant rabbits. Res. J. Med. Plant. 2007; 1: 121- 127.
41. Abdel-Baset H, El-Ahmady O, Hassab AS, Abdel-Galil F, Yosir H, Darwish A. Biochemical effect of antioxidants on lipids and liver function in experimentally induced liver damage. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 1997; 34: 656-663.
42. Vinitha R, Thangaraju M, Sachdanandam P. Effect of administering cyclophosphamide and vitamin E on levels of tumor marker enzymes in rats with experimentally induced fibrosarcoma. Japan J. Med. Sci. Biol. 1995; 48: 145-156.
43. Johnson-Delaney C. Exotic animal companion medicine handbook for veterinarians. Lake worth FL. Zoological education network. 1996; Vol 1& 2.
44. Rang AP, Dale MM, Ritter JM. Pharmacology. 3rd Edition. Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1995, pp. 409.
45. Friedman SF, Martin P, Munoz JS. Laboratory evaluation of the patient with liver disease. Hepatology, a textbook of liver disease. Saunders publication, Philedelphia, 2003, 1, pp. 661- 09.
46. Rosalki SB, Mcintyre N. Biochemical investigations in the management of liver disease. Oxford textbook of clinical hepatology. 2nd edition. Oxford University press, New York, 1999, pp 503 - 521.
47. Thapa BR, Anuj W. Liver Function Tests and their Interpretation. Indian J. Pediatr. 2007; 74 (7): 663- 671.
2. Verma, S, Singh SP. Current and future status of herbal medicine. Veterinary world. 2008, 1: 347-350.
3. Lijuan, M, Xuezhu Z, Haiping Z, Yiru G. Development of a finger print of salvia miltiorrhiza bunge by high performance liquid chromatography with a colometric electrode array system. J. Chromatogr. B. Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2007; 846: 139-146.
4. WHO. Guidelines for the assessment of herbal medicine: Expert committee on specifications for pharmaceutical preparations. 34th Report Geneva. WHO Technical Report Series Munich. 1996; 863.
5. Katsuzaki H, Kawashiki S, Osawa T. Structure of novel antioxidative lignan triglucoside isolated from sesame seed. Heterocycles 1993; 36: 933-936.
6. Lai PK. Antimicrobial and Chemopreventive properties of herbs and spices. Curr Med Chem. 2004; 1451-1460
7. Tapsell LC, Hemphill I, Cobiac L, Patch CS, Sullivan DR, Fenech M. Health benefits of herbs and spices: The Past, the Present, the future. Med. J. Aust. 2006; 185 (4): S2-S24.
8. Do bereiner J, Tokarnia CH, Purisco E. Vernonia molissima, planta to´xica responsa´vel por mortandades de bovinos no sul de Mato Grosso. Pesq. Agropec. Bras. 1976; 11: 49-58
9. Tokarnia CB, Do bereiner J. Intoxicac¸a˜o experimental por Senecio brasilensis (Compositae) em bovinos. Pesq. Vet. Bras. 1984; 4(2): 39-65.
10. Ertekin V, Selimoglu MA, Altinkaynak S. A combination of unusual presentations of Datura stramonium intoxication in a child: Rhabdomyolysis and fulminant hepatitius. J. Emerg. Med. 2005; 28: 227-228.
11. Koduru S, Grierson DS, Afolayan AJ. Antimicrobial activity of Solanum aculeastrum. Pharm. Biol. 2006; 44: 283-286.
12. Trease GE, Evans WC. Pharmacognosy. A physician guide to Herbal medicine 11th edition, Ballere Tindal, London U.K. 1989; pp. 530.
13. Harborne JB. Phytochemical methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Analysis. 3rd ed. Chapman and Hall, London. 1973, pp. 7-13, 60-89, 131-135, 186-188, 203, 279.
14. Odebeyi O, Sofowora O. Phytochemical screening of Nigerian medicinal plants L. coydia. 1978; 41: 41-234.
15. Dixon WJ.Staircase bioassay; the up and down method. Nuero. Sci. Biobehav. Rev. 1991; 15: 47-50.
16. Reitman S, Frankel AS. A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminase. Am J Clin Path. 1957; 28:53-56.
17. Rec GS. Optimised standard colorimetric methods: Determination of alkaline phosphatase. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 1972; 10: 182-185.
18. Koch TR, Doumas BT. Bilirubin, total and conjugated, modified Jendrassik Grot method. In selected methods of clinical chemistry vol. 9, edited by W Faulkner and S Meites. Washington DC. Am. Ass. Clin. Chem. 1982; 113.
19. Spencer K, Price CP. Determination of serum albumin using Bromoscresol techniques. Annals Clin Biochem. 1971; 14: 105-115.
20. Doumas BT. Standards for total serum protein assays-a collaboration study: Clinical chemistry. 1975; 21: 1159-1166.
21. Fawcett JK, Scott JE. A rapid and precise method for determination of urea J. Clin. Pathol. 1960; 13(2): 156-159.
22. Jung DH, Parekh AC. An improved reagent system for the measurement of serum uric acid. Clin. Chem. 1970; 16(3): 247-250.
23. AOAC. Official methods of Analysis: 11th edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Washington D.C. 1970.
24. Slot C. Plasma Creatinine determination. A new and specific Jaffe reaction method. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1965; 17(4): 381-387.
25. Cragg GM, Boyd MR, Khanna R, Kneller R, Mays TD, Mazan KD, Newman DJ, Sausville EA. International collaboration in drug discovery and development: the NCI experience. Pure Appl Chem 1999; 71: 1619-1633.
26. Verpoorte R. Exploration of nature’s chemodiversity: the role of secondary metabolites as leads in drug development. Drug Develop Trends 1998; 3: 232-238.
27. Verpoorte R. Pharmacognosy in the new millennium: leadfinding and biotechnology. J Pharm. Pharmacol. 2000; 52 (3): 253- 262.
28. Emmanuel EI, Peter AA. Spathodea campanuta: An experimental evaluation of analgesic and antiiflammatory properties of a traditional remedy. Asian journal of medical science 2009; 1(2): 35-38.
29. Brown JE, Rice-Evans CA. Linteolin-rich antichoke extract protects LDL from oxidation in-vitro. Free Rad. Res.1998; 29: 247- 255.
30. Vanu MR, Palanivelu S, Panchanatham S. Immunomodulatory and antiiflammatory effects of Semecarpus anacardium Linn nut milk extract in experimental inflammatory conditions. Biological and pharmaceutical bulletin 2006; 29: 693-700.
31. Moore KL, Dalley AF. Clinically Oriented Anatomy (4th Edition). Lippincott Williams and Williams, A Woller Klumner Corporation, Philadelphia, 1999, pp. 263.
32. Yakubu MT, Bilbis LS, Lawal M, Akanji MA. Evaluation of selected parameters of rat liver and kidney function following repeated administration of yohimbine. Biochemistry 2003; 15: 50-56.
33. Yakubu MT, Akanji MA, Oladiji AT. Haematological evaluation in male albino Rats following chronic administration of aqueous extract of Fadogia agrestis stem. Pharmacol. Manag. 2007; 3: 34-38.
34. Yakubu MT, Akanji MA, Oladiji AT. Alterations in serum lipid profile of male rats by oral administration of aqueous extract of Fadogia argrestis stem. Res. J. Med. Plant. 2008; 2: 66-73.
35. Olson H, Betton G, Robinson D, Thomas K, Monro A, Kolaja G, Lilly P, Sanders J, Sipes G, Bracken W, Dorato M, Deun KV, Smith P, Berger B, Heller A. Concordance of toxicity of pharmaceuticals in humans and in animals. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2000; 32: 56-67.
36. Adebayo JO, Adesokan AA, Olatunji LA, Buoro DO, Soladoye AO. Effect of Ethanolic extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis leaves on hematological and serum lipid variables in rats. Biochem. 2005; 17: 45.
37. Ukwuani AN, Abubakar MG, Hassan SW, Agaie BM. Antinociceptive activity of hydromethanolic extract of some medicinal plants in mice. International journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemical research. 2012 [In press for publication].
38. Bennette PN, Brown MJ. Clinical pharmacology: Drugs and haemostasis. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, London. 10th edition. 2008, 28: pp. 525-528.
39. Cheesbrough, M. District laboratory practice in tropical countries. Cambridge university press. Second edition.2005; Part 1: 310-369 and Part 2: 267-314.
40. Abolaji AO, Adebayo AH, Odesanmi OS. Effect of ethanolic extract of Parinari polyandra (Rosaceae) on serum lipid profile and some electrolytes in pregnant rabbits. Res. J. Med. Plant. 2007; 1: 121- 127.
41. Abdel-Baset H, El-Ahmady O, Hassab AS, Abdel-Galil F, Yosir H, Darwish A. Biochemical effect of antioxidants on lipids and liver function in experimentally induced liver damage. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 1997; 34: 656-663.
42. Vinitha R, Thangaraju M, Sachdanandam P. Effect of administering cyclophosphamide and vitamin E on levels of tumor marker enzymes in rats with experimentally induced fibrosarcoma. Japan J. Med. Sci. Biol. 1995; 48: 145-156.
43. Johnson-Delaney C. Exotic animal companion medicine handbook for veterinarians. Lake worth FL. Zoological education network. 1996; Vol 1& 2.
44. Rang AP, Dale MM, Ritter JM. Pharmacology. 3rd Edition. Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1995, pp. 409.
45. Friedman SF, Martin P, Munoz JS. Laboratory evaluation of the patient with liver disease. Hepatology, a textbook of liver disease. Saunders publication, Philedelphia, 2003, 1, pp. 661- 09.
46. Rosalki SB, Mcintyre N. Biochemical investigations in the management of liver disease. Oxford textbook of clinical hepatology. 2nd edition. Oxford University press, New York, 1999, pp 503 - 521.
47. Thapa BR, Anuj W. Liver Function Tests and their Interpretation. Indian J. Pediatr. 2007; 74 (7): 663- 671.
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“TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES OF HYDROMETHANOLIC LEAVES EXTRACT OF GREWIA CRENATA”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 4, no. 3, Oct. 2012, pp. 245-9, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2012.040405.
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“TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES OF HYDROMETHANOLIC LEAVES EXTRACT OF GREWIA CRENATA”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 4, no. 3, Oct. 2012, pp. 245-9, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2012.040405.
