Screening of synergistic antistress activity of Phyllanthus niruri leaves and Sapindus mukorossi fruits
Abstract
Phyllanthus niruri leaves and Sapindus mukorossi fruits have been traditionally used as anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and analgesic, anti-fungal, anti-microbial, anti-bacterial and antiparasitic, expectorant, emetic, anti-cancer, mood elevator, and as hepatoprotective. The present study was designed to investigate the anti-stress activity of combined extract of P. niruri leaves and S. mukorossi fruits employing various activities using experimental animals. Rats and Mice were separated into five groups, consisting of six animals each. Methanolic extract of P. niruri leaves (MEPNL), aqueous extract of S. mukorossi fruit (AESMF), and combined extract (MEPNL+AESMF) were prepared and anti-stress activity was investigated by Anoxia induced stress in mice, Immobilization stress in rats, and Swimming endurance test in mice. Combined extract (400 mg/kg, p.o.) exhibited remarkable effect as it delayed onset of convulsion time in anoxia stress model when equated to individual extracts. In swimming endurance test, combined extract (400 mg/kg, p.o.) displayed significant effect as it enhanced swimming time in mice when compared to MEPNL (400 mg/kg, p.o) and AESMF (400 mg/kg, p.o). Combined extract has remarkably reduced the serum levels of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, and cortisol in rats as equated to control. Combination of extracts has produced remarkable and protective effects on organs such as liver, adrenal gland, spleen, and testes. Present study showed that the combined extract of P. niruri leaves and S. mukorossi fruits possessed significant anti-stress action, which was found to be higher than the individual extracts. This indicates the synergistic anti-stress efficacy of the combination of extracts. However, future studies are essential to focus on the cellular mechanism of quantitative phytochemical constituents and ascertain the precise mode of action involved in its anti-stress property.
Keywords:
Phyllanthus niruri leaves, Sapindus mukorossi fruit, combined extract, synergistic effect, anoxia stress tolerance, immobilisation stress, swimming endurance test.DOI
https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2021.130213References
Chrousos GP. Stress and disorder of the stress system.Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009; 5(3):74-81.
Kannur DM, Hukkeri VI, Akki KS. Adaptogenic activity of Caesalpinia bonduc seed extracts in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2006; 108:327–331.
Bhattacharya SK, Muruganandam AV. Adaptogenic activity of Withania somnifera: an experimental study using a rat model of chronic stress. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. 2003; 75:547–555.
Desai SK, Desai SM. Anti-stress activity of Boerhaavia diffusa root extract and a polyherbal formulation containing Boerhaavia diffusa using cold restraint stress models. Int J Pharma Sci. 2011; 3(1):130-132.
Manonmani P, Ramar M, Geetha N, Arasu MV, Erusan RR, Sowmiya JJ. Hepatoprotectiveactivity of aqueous extract of Phyllanthus niruri in CCl4 induced liver toxicity-in vivo study. Research Journal of Biotechnology. 2015; 10:9.
The Useful Plants of India. Publication and Information Directorate. New Delhi: IR. 1986:547–553.
Umukoro S, Aladeokin AC. Evaluation of the anti-stress and anticonvulsant activities of leaf extract of Alchornea cordifolia in mice Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2010; 127(3):768–770.
Patel NB, Galani VJ, Patel BG. Anti-stress activity of Argyreia speciosa r oots i n e xperimental a nimals. J Ayurveda I ntegr M ed. 2011; 2(3):129–136.
Vale W, Spiess J, Rivier C, Rivier J. Characterization of a 41-residue ovine hypothalamic peptide that st imulates secretion of corticotropin and betaendorphin. Science. 1981; 213(4514): 1394- 1397.
Pawar VS, Shivakumar H. Screening methods for evaluation of adaptogenic accents. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2011; 4:763-765.
Krupavaram B, VenkatRao N, Nandekumar K, Gowda TS, Shalam MD, Shantakumar S. Study on adaptogenic activity of root extract of Boerhavia diffusa (Linn). Indian Drugs.2007; 44:264-270.
Pawar VS, Shivakumar H. Adaptogenic activity of Trigonella foenumgraecum(Linn) seeds in rodents exposed to anoxia and immobilization stress. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.2012; s208-s211.
Shivakumar H, Talha J, Prakash T, Rao N, Swamy J and Goud V. Adaptogenic activity of ethanolic extracts of Tribulus terrestris (Linn). J Nat Rem. 2006; 6:87-95.
Kulkarni MP,Juvekar AR. Attenuation of Acute and Chronic Restraint Stressinduced Perturbations in Experimental Animals by Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2008; 327-329.
Neelima N, Sudhakar M, Kakshmi BVS. Anti-stress activity of Ethanolic extract of Embilica officinalis fruits in stress induced biochemical and physiological perturbations. Int. J. of Res. in Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics. 2014; 3(1):72- 79.
Dhuley JN. Adaptogenic and cardioprotective action of Ashwagandha in rats and frogs. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2000; 70:57–63.
Parker KL, Schimmer BP. Pituitary hormones and their hypothalamic releasing hormones. Brunton LL, Lazo JS. Parker KL, editors. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 11thed. New york: McGraw-Hill. 2006:1489-1510.
Nimbkar SR, Patki VP, Patki MP. Pharmacological Evaluation of Anti-stress & Androgenic activity of Polyherbal Formulation AP-3000’ containing Panax ginseng. Indian Drugs-Bombay. 2001;38(1):27-31.
McEwen BS. Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: Understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators. Eu.J Pharmacol.2008; 583: 174-185.
Ghufran Ahmad, Yusuf Amin KM, Naeem Khan A, Tajuddin. The anti-stress activity of a gem-containing Unani formulation against diverse stressors. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.1998; 59:187–193.
Gupta V, Saggu S, Tulsawani RK, Sawhney RC, Kumar R.A dose dependent adaptogenic and safety evaluation of Rhodiola imbricata Edgew, a high altitude rhizome. Food and Chemical Toxicolog.2008; 46:1645-1652.
Brekhman II, Dardymov IV. New substances of plant origin which increase nonspecific resistance. Annual review of pharmacology. 1969;9(1):419-430.
Lakshmi BV, Sudhakar M. Attenuation of acute and chronic restraint stress-induced perturbations in experimental animals by Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Food and chemical toxicology. 2010;48(2):530-535.
Published
Abstract Display: 543 
PDF Downloads: 399 
