MICRO CHEMICAL (ELEMENTAL) ANALYSIS OF LEUCAS ASPERA (WILLD) LINK EMPLOYING SEM-EDAX
Abstract
The plant, Leucas aspera (Willd) Link is well known for its varied medicinal uses. Present study deals with its micro chemical (elemental) characterization using Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) detector fitted to Scanning Electron Microscope. The plant has very interesting morphology. Crystals of varied shape and inclusions/exudates were noticed within and on the leaf & stem surfaces. Various plant parts analysed were, stem surface, stem sections, stem inclusions, blebs on stem hairs, crystals of varied shape, root sections, abaxial and adaxial surfaces, flower, seed and seed caruncle. Lot of variation in elemental composition was observed in various plant parts. Major elements detected were Carbon, Oxygen, Calcium, Silica, and Aluminum. Other elements found were Iron, Sodium, potassium, Phosphorus and Chlorine.
Keywords:
Leucas aspera, Micro chemical, Elemental Analysis, Plant crystals, SEM-EDAXDOI
https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2013.050106References
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2. Rao DM, Sapthajyothi G, Reddy TRM, Prasad MVV, Subramanyam K. Larvicidal activity of essential oils from Indian medicinal plants against Aedis aegypti L. Indian J. Pharma. Res. 2009; 2(4): 762-764.
3. Chaudhury NA, Ghosh D. Insecticidal plants: Chemical examination of Leucas aspera. J. Indian Chem. Soc. 1969; 46(1): 95.
4. Goudgaon NM, Basavaraj NR, Vijayalaxmi. Anti-inflammatory activity of different fractions of Leucas aspera Spreng. Indian J. Pharmacol. 2003; 35: 397-398.
5. Kripa KG, Chamundeeswari DJ, Thanka Reddy CUM. Effect of hydro alcoholic extract of aerial parts of Leucas aspera (Willd) Link on inflammatory markers in Complete Freund’s adjuvant Induced arthritic rats. Int. J. Green Pharma. 2010; 4(4): 281-287.
6. Saundane AR, Hidayatullah KM, Satyanarayan ND. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of various extracts of Leucas aspera (Labiatae). Indian J. Pharma. Sci. 2000; 26: 144-146.
7. Rao BGVN, Rao P. Efficacy of some essential oils on pathogenic fungi. Flavan Industry 1972; 3(7): 368-370.
8. Thakur DK, Misra SK, Choudhuri PC. In-vitro trials of plant extracts and chemicals for their antifungal activity. Indian J. Animal Hlth. 1987; 26(1): 31-35.
9. Damayanti M, Susheela K, Sharma GJ. Effect of plant extracts and systemic fungicides on the pine apple fruit rotting fungus, Ceratocystis paradoxa. Cytobios 1996; 83: 155-165.
10. Begum M, Lokesh S, Raghavendrra VB. Role of leaf extracts of some medicinal plants in the Management of seed borne fungal diseases of Okra (Abelmaschus esculentus (L) Moench) Phytopath. and Plt. Protection 2009; 42(10): 950-955.
11. Satish S, Raghavendra MP, Raveesha KA. Antifungal potentiality of some plant extracts against Fusarium sp. Archives of Phytopath. and plt. Protection. 2009; 42(7): 618-625.
12. Rao BGVN. Antimicrobial action of some essential oils IV. Effect of organic compounds. Riechstoffe, Aronen Koerperflegemittel 1971; 21(1): 10-16.
13. Mangathayaru K, Laksmikant J, Shyamasundra N, Swapna R, Fathima GX, Vasantha J. Antimicrobial activity of Leucas aspera flowers. Fitoterapia 2005; 76(7-8):752-754.
14. Sapthajyothi G, Mahesh KYG, Muralidhara Rao Ramajaneyulu R. GC-MS analysis and inhibitory efficacy of Leucas aspera L. leaf volatile oil against selected microbes. Nigerian J. Nat. Prod. and med. 2007, 11: 79-81.
15. Sumathi A, Puspha A. Evaluation of enzymatic antioccidants in some Indian medicinal Plants. J. of Ecobiol. 2007; 21(2): 107-111.
16. Haripyaree A, Gureeshwar K, Damayanthi, M. Evaluation of antioxidant properties of some medicinal plants by sulfur free radical reactivity with curcumin asreference. Electronic J. Environ. Agri. and food chem. 2010; 9(2): 337-344.
17. Meghashri S, Vijayakumar H, Gopal S. Antioccidant property of a novel flavonoid from leaves of Leucas aspera. Food Chem. 2010; 122(1): 115-110.
18. Prajapati MS, Patel MS, Modi K, Shah MB. Leucas aspera: a review. Pharmacognosy Rev. 2010; 4: 85-87.
19. Yashvanth S, Rani SS, Rao AS, Madhavendra SS. Anatomical exploration of Leucas aspera (Willd) Link a medicinal herb and its pharmacognostic relevance. J. Pharm. Res. 2011; 4(12): 4777-4779.
20. Under Wood EJ. Trace metals in human and animal health. J. Human Nutrition 1981; 53: 37-48.
21. Januja KM. Trace metal elements in Allium cepa (onion) and their therapeutic Importance. Hamdard Medicus 1990; XXXIII (2): 87-90.
22. Sailey A, Sahu R, Gupta B, Sandhi SM. Analysis of mineral elements of Medicinal plants used for the treatment of asthma, syphilis, diarrhea, skin diseases and rheumatism. Hamdard Medicus 1994; XXXVII: 18-22.
23. Sahito SR, Memon MA, Kazi TG, Kazi, GH, Jakhrani MA, Haque QU, Shar GQ. Evaluation of mineral contents in medicinal plant Azadirechta indica (Neem). J. Chemical Soci. of Pak. 2003; 25(2): 139-143.
24. Pirzada AJ, Iqbal P, Shaik W, Kazi TG, Ghani KU. Studies on the elemental Composition and antifungal activity of medicinal plant Lippia nodiflora L. against skin fungi. J. Pak. Assoc. Dermat. 2005; 15: 113-118.
25. Singh AK, Singh RP, Singh NP. Analysis of Macro and micro nutrients in some Indian Medicinal herbs grown in Jaunpur (UP) soil. Natural Sci. 2011; 3: 551-555.
26. Singh AK, Singh RP, Singh NP. Analysis of nutritional elements in Indian Medicinal herbs used to cure general weakness. Natural Sci. 2012; 4: 211-215.
27. Soderberg T, Halimans G. Treatment of leprosy with adhesive zinc tapes. Leprosy Rev. 1982; 56: 271-273.
28. Herber RFM, Stoeppler M. (Eds.) Trace element analysis in biological Samples. Elsevier NY.; 1994
29. Dalvi KM, Vaidya V V, Kekare MB, Chapanekar P, Shaw W. Determination of heavy metals from Leucas aspera using atomic absorption Spectroscopic technique. Nature, Environ. and Poll. Tech. 2007; 6(3): 525-527.
30. Joseph D, Lal M, Bajpai HN, Mathur PK. Levels of trace elements of a few Indian Species by energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence. J. Food. Sci.Tech. 1999; 36: 264-265.
31. Scancar J, Milacic R, Falnoga I, Cemazar M, Bukovec P. Use of nitric acid In sample pretreatment for determination of trace elements in various biological Samples by ETAAS. J. Pharmacol. & Biomed. Anal. 2000; 22: 993-1002.
32. Yashvanth S, Rani SS, Rao AS, Madhavendra SS. Microscopic and micro chemical evaluation (elemental Analysis) of the medicinal herb, Lippia nodiflora (Linn.) Rich (Phyla nodiflora Linn. Green). Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2012; 2(S1): S124-S129.
33. Rechardt L, Lehtinen S, Wartiovaara J, Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray Microprobe analysis in detection of acetyl cholinesterase in cultured embryonal cancer cells. Histochem. and Cytochem. 1984; 329(11): 1154-1158.
34. Rai LC, Jensen TE, Rachlin JW. Morphometric and x-ray energy dispersive Approach to monitoring pH altered cadmium toxicity in Anabaena flos-aquae. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1990; 19: 479-487.
35. Pradhan AN, Agrahari AK, Meher A, Mishra MN, Elemental analysis by energy Dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) of Capparis zeylanica Linn. plant. J. Pharm. Res. 2010; 3(4): 669-670.
36. Reddy SJ, Mauerhofer E, Porte N, Damodar J, Denschlag HO. Determination of elemental levels in medicinally important Indian leaves by instrumental neutron activation analysis. J. of Radioanalytical and Nucl. Chem. 1998; 238(1-2): 83-89.
37. Devi K, Sarma N, Nandakumar H, Kumar S. Particle induced x-ray emission studies of some Indian medicinal plants. Intl. J. of PIXE 2007; 17(3&4): 169-176.
38. Borchert R. Calcium acetate induces calcium uptake and formation of calcium-oxalate crystals in isolated leaflets of Gleditsia tricanthos L. Planta 1986; 168: 571-578.
39. Madhur RK, Dhara MK, Rajaraz CS. Geobotanical study of Leucas aspera in the Rajpura-Daria mineralized area, Udaipur district, Rajasthan. Special Publication Series- Geological Survey of India. 1982; 8: 179-181.
40. Veeranjaneyulu K, Das VSR. Heavy metal tolerance in normal populations in some weeds species. Indian J. Pl. Physiol. 1982; 25(4): 400-406.
41. RAI V, Agarwal M, Khatoon S, Rawat AKS, Meharotra S. Estimation of Co and Mn in some medicinal plants. Bulletin of Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 2001a; 66(4): 427-432.
42. Rai V, Kakkar P, Khatoon S, Rawat AKS, Meharotra S. Heavy metal accumulation in some herbal drugs. Pharmaceutical Biol. 2001b; 39: 384-387.
43. Kannan SK, Das B, Prabhu B, Devarajan P, Periakali P, Krishnamoorthy R, Rao NR, Sridhar, SGD, Ballukrya PN, Sharma KK, Jayaprakash MA. Preliminary study on herbal resources and their contamination with toxic heavy metals around Pulicat Lake, north Chennai, South East coast of India. Res. J. Environ. Toxicol. 2007; 1(2): 78-84.
44. Rai V, Agnihotri AK, Khatoon S, Rawat AKS, Meharotra S. Chromium in some herbal drugs. Bull. Environ. Contamin. and Toxicol. 2007; 74(3): 464-469.
45. Patil UH, Gaikwad DK. Effect of varying environmental conditions of mineral status of stem bark of Anogeissus latifolia. J. Pharma. Res. 2012; 5(2): 1140-1143.
2. Rao DM, Sapthajyothi G, Reddy TRM, Prasad MVV, Subramanyam K. Larvicidal activity of essential oils from Indian medicinal plants against Aedis aegypti L. Indian J. Pharma. Res. 2009; 2(4): 762-764.
3. Chaudhury NA, Ghosh D. Insecticidal plants: Chemical examination of Leucas aspera. J. Indian Chem. Soc. 1969; 46(1): 95.
4. Goudgaon NM, Basavaraj NR, Vijayalaxmi. Anti-inflammatory activity of different fractions of Leucas aspera Spreng. Indian J. Pharmacol. 2003; 35: 397-398.
5. Kripa KG, Chamundeeswari DJ, Thanka Reddy CUM. Effect of hydro alcoholic extract of aerial parts of Leucas aspera (Willd) Link on inflammatory markers in Complete Freund’s adjuvant Induced arthritic rats. Int. J. Green Pharma. 2010; 4(4): 281-287.
6. Saundane AR, Hidayatullah KM, Satyanarayan ND. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of various extracts of Leucas aspera (Labiatae). Indian J. Pharma. Sci. 2000; 26: 144-146.
7. Rao BGVN, Rao P. Efficacy of some essential oils on pathogenic fungi. Flavan Industry 1972; 3(7): 368-370.
8. Thakur DK, Misra SK, Choudhuri PC. In-vitro trials of plant extracts and chemicals for their antifungal activity. Indian J. Animal Hlth. 1987; 26(1): 31-35.
9. Damayanti M, Susheela K, Sharma GJ. Effect of plant extracts and systemic fungicides on the pine apple fruit rotting fungus, Ceratocystis paradoxa. Cytobios 1996; 83: 155-165.
10. Begum M, Lokesh S, Raghavendrra VB. Role of leaf extracts of some medicinal plants in the Management of seed borne fungal diseases of Okra (Abelmaschus esculentus (L) Moench) Phytopath. and Plt. Protection 2009; 42(10): 950-955.
11. Satish S, Raghavendra MP, Raveesha KA. Antifungal potentiality of some plant extracts against Fusarium sp. Archives of Phytopath. and plt. Protection. 2009; 42(7): 618-625.
12. Rao BGVN. Antimicrobial action of some essential oils IV. Effect of organic compounds. Riechstoffe, Aronen Koerperflegemittel 1971; 21(1): 10-16.
13. Mangathayaru K, Laksmikant J, Shyamasundra N, Swapna R, Fathima GX, Vasantha J. Antimicrobial activity of Leucas aspera flowers. Fitoterapia 2005; 76(7-8):752-754.
14. Sapthajyothi G, Mahesh KYG, Muralidhara Rao Ramajaneyulu R. GC-MS analysis and inhibitory efficacy of Leucas aspera L. leaf volatile oil against selected microbes. Nigerian J. Nat. Prod. and med. 2007, 11: 79-81.
15. Sumathi A, Puspha A. Evaluation of enzymatic antioccidants in some Indian medicinal Plants. J. of Ecobiol. 2007; 21(2): 107-111.
16. Haripyaree A, Gureeshwar K, Damayanthi, M. Evaluation of antioxidant properties of some medicinal plants by sulfur free radical reactivity with curcumin asreference. Electronic J. Environ. Agri. and food chem. 2010; 9(2): 337-344.
17. Meghashri S, Vijayakumar H, Gopal S. Antioccidant property of a novel flavonoid from leaves of Leucas aspera. Food Chem. 2010; 122(1): 115-110.
18. Prajapati MS, Patel MS, Modi K, Shah MB. Leucas aspera: a review. Pharmacognosy Rev. 2010; 4: 85-87.
19. Yashvanth S, Rani SS, Rao AS, Madhavendra SS. Anatomical exploration of Leucas aspera (Willd) Link a medicinal herb and its pharmacognostic relevance. J. Pharm. Res. 2011; 4(12): 4777-4779.
20. Under Wood EJ. Trace metals in human and animal health. J. Human Nutrition 1981; 53: 37-48.
21. Januja KM. Trace metal elements in Allium cepa (onion) and their therapeutic Importance. Hamdard Medicus 1990; XXXIII (2): 87-90.
22. Sailey A, Sahu R, Gupta B, Sandhi SM. Analysis of mineral elements of Medicinal plants used for the treatment of asthma, syphilis, diarrhea, skin diseases and rheumatism. Hamdard Medicus 1994; XXXVII: 18-22.
23. Sahito SR, Memon MA, Kazi TG, Kazi, GH, Jakhrani MA, Haque QU, Shar GQ. Evaluation of mineral contents in medicinal plant Azadirechta indica (Neem). J. Chemical Soci. of Pak. 2003; 25(2): 139-143.
24. Pirzada AJ, Iqbal P, Shaik W, Kazi TG, Ghani KU. Studies on the elemental Composition and antifungal activity of medicinal plant Lippia nodiflora L. against skin fungi. J. Pak. Assoc. Dermat. 2005; 15: 113-118.
25. Singh AK, Singh RP, Singh NP. Analysis of Macro and micro nutrients in some Indian Medicinal herbs grown in Jaunpur (UP) soil. Natural Sci. 2011; 3: 551-555.
26. Singh AK, Singh RP, Singh NP. Analysis of nutritional elements in Indian Medicinal herbs used to cure general weakness. Natural Sci. 2012; 4: 211-215.
27. Soderberg T, Halimans G. Treatment of leprosy with adhesive zinc tapes. Leprosy Rev. 1982; 56: 271-273.
28. Herber RFM, Stoeppler M. (Eds.) Trace element analysis in biological Samples. Elsevier NY.; 1994
29. Dalvi KM, Vaidya V V, Kekare MB, Chapanekar P, Shaw W. Determination of heavy metals from Leucas aspera using atomic absorption Spectroscopic technique. Nature, Environ. and Poll. Tech. 2007; 6(3): 525-527.
30. Joseph D, Lal M, Bajpai HN, Mathur PK. Levels of trace elements of a few Indian Species by energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence. J. Food. Sci.Tech. 1999; 36: 264-265.
31. Scancar J, Milacic R, Falnoga I, Cemazar M, Bukovec P. Use of nitric acid In sample pretreatment for determination of trace elements in various biological Samples by ETAAS. J. Pharmacol. & Biomed. Anal. 2000; 22: 993-1002.
32. Yashvanth S, Rani SS, Rao AS, Madhavendra SS. Microscopic and micro chemical evaluation (elemental Analysis) of the medicinal herb, Lippia nodiflora (Linn.) Rich (Phyla nodiflora Linn. Green). Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2012; 2(S1): S124-S129.
33. Rechardt L, Lehtinen S, Wartiovaara J, Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray Microprobe analysis in detection of acetyl cholinesterase in cultured embryonal cancer cells. Histochem. and Cytochem. 1984; 329(11): 1154-1158.
34. Rai LC, Jensen TE, Rachlin JW. Morphometric and x-ray energy dispersive Approach to monitoring pH altered cadmium toxicity in Anabaena flos-aquae. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1990; 19: 479-487.
35. Pradhan AN, Agrahari AK, Meher A, Mishra MN, Elemental analysis by energy Dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) of Capparis zeylanica Linn. plant. J. Pharm. Res. 2010; 3(4): 669-670.
36. Reddy SJ, Mauerhofer E, Porte N, Damodar J, Denschlag HO. Determination of elemental levels in medicinally important Indian leaves by instrumental neutron activation analysis. J. of Radioanalytical and Nucl. Chem. 1998; 238(1-2): 83-89.
37. Devi K, Sarma N, Nandakumar H, Kumar S. Particle induced x-ray emission studies of some Indian medicinal plants. Intl. J. of PIXE 2007; 17(3&4): 169-176.
38. Borchert R. Calcium acetate induces calcium uptake and formation of calcium-oxalate crystals in isolated leaflets of Gleditsia tricanthos L. Planta 1986; 168: 571-578.
39. Madhur RK, Dhara MK, Rajaraz CS. Geobotanical study of Leucas aspera in the Rajpura-Daria mineralized area, Udaipur district, Rajasthan. Special Publication Series- Geological Survey of India. 1982; 8: 179-181.
40. Veeranjaneyulu K, Das VSR. Heavy metal tolerance in normal populations in some weeds species. Indian J. Pl. Physiol. 1982; 25(4): 400-406.
41. RAI V, Agarwal M, Khatoon S, Rawat AKS, Meharotra S. Estimation of Co and Mn in some medicinal plants. Bulletin of Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 2001a; 66(4): 427-432.
42. Rai V, Kakkar P, Khatoon S, Rawat AKS, Meharotra S. Heavy metal accumulation in some herbal drugs. Pharmaceutical Biol. 2001b; 39: 384-387.
43. Kannan SK, Das B, Prabhu B, Devarajan P, Periakali P, Krishnamoorthy R, Rao NR, Sridhar, SGD, Ballukrya PN, Sharma KK, Jayaprakash MA. Preliminary study on herbal resources and their contamination with toxic heavy metals around Pulicat Lake, north Chennai, South East coast of India. Res. J. Environ. Toxicol. 2007; 1(2): 78-84.
44. Rai V, Agnihotri AK, Khatoon S, Rawat AKS, Meharotra S. Chromium in some herbal drugs. Bull. Environ. Contamin. and Toxicol. 2007; 74(3): 464-469.
45. Patil UH, Gaikwad DK. Effect of varying environmental conditions of mineral status of stem bark of Anogeissus latifolia. J. Pharma. Res. 2012; 5(2): 1140-1143.
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“MICRO CHEMICAL (ELEMENTAL) ANALYSIS OF LEUCAS ASPERA (WILLD) LINK EMPLOYING SEM-EDAX”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 5, no. 1, Jan. 2013, pp. 32-35, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2013.050106.
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Copyright (c) 2013 Sunkara Yashvanth, Satla Shobha Rani, S. S. Madhavendr
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How to Cite
“MICRO CHEMICAL (ELEMENTAL) ANALYSIS OF LEUCAS ASPERA (WILLD) LINK EMPLOYING SEM-EDAX”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 5, no. 1, Jan. 2013, pp. 32-35, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2013.050106.
