PHENOLOGICAL VARIATION IN THE IN-VITRO ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES AND Α-AMYLASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF TETRAPLEURA TETRAPTERA POD
Abstract
Variation in the in-vitro antioxidant properties and α-amylase inhibitory activity of Tetrapleura tetraptera pod was assessed at two phenologic stages of the fruit development, that is, the mature green (MG) and ripe brown (RB) stages. RB pod (RBP) had significantly higher (P < 0.05) antioxidant phenolic phytochemicals - total phenol, tannin and total flavonoid - levels than the MG pod (MGP). Conversely, MGP had significantly higher (P < 0.05) total carotenoid and vitamin C contents than RBP. Methanolic extracts of both MGP and RBP had appreciable trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and were effective in reducing Fe3+ to Fe2+. However, RBP extract had significantly higher (P < 0.05) TEAC and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) than MGP extract. Furthermore, both MGP and RBP extracts scavenged 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical in a dose-dependent manner, with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of RBP (0.11 mg/ml) being lower than that of MGP (0.16 mg/ml). Both extracts also displayed potent inhibitory activity against porcine pancreatic α-amylase in a dose-dependent manner, having IC50 values of 0.33 mg/ml and 0.46 mg/ml for RBP and MGP respectively. Therefore, T. tetraptera pod is more potent in scavenging free radicals and inhibiting pancreatic α-amylase in vitro when fully ripe than when green, and thus could be more effective in alleviating oxidative stress and managing postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes at the fully ripe stage than at the mature green stage.
Keywords:
Tetrapleura tetraptera, Antioxidant activities, Alpha-amylase, Free radicals, HyperglycemiaDOI
https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2013.050306References
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19. Padmaja G. Evaluation of techniques to reduce assayable tannin and cyanide in cassava leaves. J Agric food chem. 1989; 37:712-716.
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24. Sellappan S, Akoh CC. Flavonoids and antioxidant capacity of Georgia-grown vidalia onions. J Agric Food Chem. 2002; 50:5338–5342.
25. Oyaizu M. Studies on products of browning reaction: antioxidative activity of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. Jpn J Nutr. 1986; 44:307-15.
26. Kwon YI, Vattem DA, Shetty K. Clonal herbs of Lamiaceae species against diabetes and hypertension. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2006; 15:424-432.
27. Gull J, Sultana B, Anwar F, Naseer R, Ashraf M, Ashrafuzzaman M. Variation in Antioxidant Attributes at Three Ripening Stages of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Fruit from Different Geographical Regions of Pakistan. Molecules. 2012; 17:3165-3180; doi:10.3390/molecules17033165.
28. Duenas M, Hernandez T, Estrella I. Assessment of in vitro antioxidant capacity of the seed coat and the cotyledon of legumes in relation to their phenolic contents. Food Chem. 2006; 98(1):95-103.
29. Jaakola, L, Maatta-Riihinen K, Karenlampi S, Hohtola A. Activation of flavonoid biosynthesis by solar radiation in bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) leaves. Planta. 2004; 218:721-728.
30. Shahidi F, Amarowicz R, He YH, Wettasinghe M. Antioxidant activity of phenolic extracts of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis): A preliminary study. J Food Lip. 1997; 4:75-86.
31. Nitta Y, Kikuzaki H, Ueno H. Food components inhibiting recombinant human histidine decarboxylase activity. J Agric Food Chem. 2007; 55:299–304.
32. Srikanth G, Babu SM, Kavitha CHN, Rao MEB, Vijaykumar N, Pradeep CH. Studies on in-vitro antioxidant activities of Carica papaya aqueous leaf extract. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci. 2010; 1(2):59-65.
33. Romero C, Medina E, Vargas J, Brenes M, De Castro A. In vitro activity of olive oil polyphenols against Helicobacter pylori. J Agric Food Chem. 2007; 55:680–686.
34. Song JM, Lee KH, Seong BL. Antiviral effect of catechins in green tea on influenza virus. Antivir Res. 2005; 68:66–74.
35. Gitelson AA, Gritz Y, Merzlyak MN. Relationships between leaf chlorophyll content and spectral reflectance and algorithms for non-destructive chlorophyll assessment in higher plant leaves. J Plant Physiol. 2003; 160:271–282.
36. Rodriguez-Amaya DB. Carotenoids and Food Preparation: The Retention of Pro-vitamin A Carotenoids in Prepared, Processed, and Stored Foods. Department of Food Science Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas. Brazil. John Snow, Inc. /OMNI Project. 1997; pp 93.
37. Tian B, Xu Z, Sun Z, Lin J, Hua Y. Evaluation of the antioxidant effects of carotenoids from Deinococcus radiodurans through targeted mutagenesis, chemiluminescence, and DNA damage analyses. Biochem Biophys Acta. 2007; 1770:902-911.
38. Nishino H. Cancer prevention by carotenoids. Mutat Res. 1998; 402:159-163.
39. Jaswir I, Noviendri D, Hasrini RF, Octavianti F. Carotenoids: Sources, medicinal properties and their application in food and nutraceutical industry. J Med Plants Res. 2011; 5(33):7119-7131.
40. Aina JO. Physico-chemical changes in African Mango (Irvingia gabogensis) during normal storage ripening. J. Food Chem. 1990; 36:205–212.
41. Jacob RA. The integrated antioxidant system. Nutr Res. 1995; 15:755-766.
42. Ratnam DV, Ankola DD, Bhardwaj V, Sahana DK, Kumar MNVR. Role of antioxidants in prophylaxis and therapy: A pharmeumaceutical perspective. J Control Release. 2006; 113:189-207.
43. Becker EM, Nissen LR, Skibsted LH. Antioxidant evaluation protocols: Food quality or health effects. Eur Food Res Technol. 2004; 219:561-571.
44. Ndhlala AR, Moyo M, Staden JV. Natural Antioxidants: Fascinating or Mythical Biomolecules? Molecules. 2010; 15:6905-6930; doi:10.3390/molecules15106905.
45. Irondi AE, Oboh G, Akintunde JK. Comparative and Synergistic Antioxidant properties of Carica papaya and Azadarichta indica Leaves. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2012; 3(12): 4773-4779.
46. Manaharan T, Palanisamy UD, Ming CH. Tropical Plant Extracts as Potential Antihyperglycemic Agents. Molecules. 2012; 17:5915-5923.
47. Tiwari AK, Rao JM. Diabetic mellitus and multiple therapeutic approaches of phytochemicals: Present status and future prospects. Curr Sci. 2002; 83(1):30-37.
48. Ali H, Houghton PJ, Soumyanath A. α-Amylase inhibitory activity of some Malaysian plants used to treat diabetes; with particular reference to Phyllanthus amarus. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006; 107:449–455.
2. Baron AD. Postprandial hyperglycaemia and α-glucosidase inhibitors. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1998; 40:S51-55.
3. Kim JS, Kwon CS, Son KH. Inhibition of alpha-glucosidase and amylase by luteolin, a flavonoid. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2000; 64(11): 2458-2461.
4. Tiwari AK, Rao JM. Diabetic mellitus and multiple therapeutic approaches of phytochemicals: Present status and future prospects. Curr Sci. 2002; 83(1): 30-37.
5. Iwu MM, Igboko AO, Onwubiko H, Ndu UE. Antisickling properties of Cajanus cajan: Effect on hemoglobin gelation and oxygen affinity. Planta Medica. 1984; 24:431-432.
6. Kahkonen MP, Hopia AI, Vuorela HJ, Rauha JP, Pihlaja K, Kujala TS. Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing phenolic compounds. J Agric Food Chem. 1999; 47:3954–3962.
7. Yen GC, Duh PD, Tsai HL. Antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties of ascorbic acid and gallic acid. Food Chem. 2002; 79:307–313.
8. Ozsoy N, Can A, Yanardag R, Akev N. Antioxidant activity of Smilax excelsa leaf extracts. Food Chem. 2008; 110: 571-583.
9. Adetunji J, Aladesanmi J. Tetrapluera tetraptera: Molluscicidal activity and chemical constituents. Afri J Trad Complement Altern Med. 2006; 4(Suppl 1): 23-36.
10. Opabode JT, Akinyemiju OA, Ayeni OO. Plant Regeneration via Somatic Embryogenesis from Immature Leaves in Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schum. & Thonn.) Taub. Arch Biol Sci Belgrade. 2011; 63(4): 1135-1145.
11. Essien EU, Izunwane BC, Aremu CY, Eka OU. Significance for humans of the nutrient contents of the dry fruit of Tetrapleura tetraptera. Plant Food Human Nutr. 1994; 45:47 -51.
12. Aladesanmi JA. Tetrapleura tetraptera: Molluscicidal activity and chemical constituents. Afr J Trad Complement Altern Med. 2007; 4:23-26.
13. Ojewole JAO, Adewunmi OC. Anti-inflammatory and hypoglycaemic effects of Tetrapleura tetraptera. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004; 95:177-182.
14. Jithendran KP. Clinical studies on coccidiosis in Angora rabbits. Blue Cross Book (Hoechst). 1997; 8:37-39.
15. Sahoo N, Manchikanti P, Dey S. Herbal drugs: Standards and regulation. Fitoterapia. 2010; 82:462–471.
16. Gobbo-Neto L, Lopes NP. Medicinal plants: Factors of influence on the content of secondary metabolites. Quimica Nova. 2007; 30:374-381.
17. Rathcke B, Lacey EP. Phenological patterns of terrestrial plants. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 1985; 16:179-214.
18. Chan EWC, Lim YY, Chew YL. Antioxidant activity of Camellia sinensis leaves and tea from a lowland plantation in Malaysia. J Food Chem 2007; 102:1214-1222.
19. Padmaja G. Evaluation of techniques to reduce assayable tannin and cyanide in cassava leaves. J Agric food chem. 1989; 37:712-716.
20. Kale A, Gaikwad S, Mundhe K, Deshpande N, Salvekar J. Quantification of Phenolics and Flavonoids by Spectrophotometer from Juglans regia. Int J Pharm Biol Sci. 2010; 1: 1-4.
21. Rodriguez-Amaya DB. A guide to carotenoid analysis in foods. ILSI Press, Washington DC, 1999.
22. Benderitter M, Maupoil V, Vergely C, Dalloz F, Briot F, Rochette L. Studies by electron paramagnetic resonance of the importance of iron in the hydroxyl scavenging properties of ascorbic acid in plasma: Effects of iron chelators. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 1998; 12: 510-16.
23. Cervato G, Carabelli M, Gervasio S, Cittera A, Cazzola R, Cestaro B. Antioxidant properties of oregano (Origanum vulgare) leaf extracts. J Food Biochem. 2000; 24:453-65.
24. Sellappan S, Akoh CC. Flavonoids and antioxidant capacity of Georgia-grown vidalia onions. J Agric Food Chem. 2002; 50:5338–5342.
25. Oyaizu M. Studies on products of browning reaction: antioxidative activity of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. Jpn J Nutr. 1986; 44:307-15.
26. Kwon YI, Vattem DA, Shetty K. Clonal herbs of Lamiaceae species against diabetes and hypertension. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2006; 15:424-432.
27. Gull J, Sultana B, Anwar F, Naseer R, Ashraf M, Ashrafuzzaman M. Variation in Antioxidant Attributes at Three Ripening Stages of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Fruit from Different Geographical Regions of Pakistan. Molecules. 2012; 17:3165-3180; doi:10.3390/molecules17033165.
28. Duenas M, Hernandez T, Estrella I. Assessment of in vitro antioxidant capacity of the seed coat and the cotyledon of legumes in relation to their phenolic contents. Food Chem. 2006; 98(1):95-103.
29. Jaakola, L, Maatta-Riihinen K, Karenlampi S, Hohtola A. Activation of flavonoid biosynthesis by solar radiation in bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) leaves. Planta. 2004; 218:721-728.
30. Shahidi F, Amarowicz R, He YH, Wettasinghe M. Antioxidant activity of phenolic extracts of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis): A preliminary study. J Food Lip. 1997; 4:75-86.
31. Nitta Y, Kikuzaki H, Ueno H. Food components inhibiting recombinant human histidine decarboxylase activity. J Agric Food Chem. 2007; 55:299–304.
32. Srikanth G, Babu SM, Kavitha CHN, Rao MEB, Vijaykumar N, Pradeep CH. Studies on in-vitro antioxidant activities of Carica papaya aqueous leaf extract. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci. 2010; 1(2):59-65.
33. Romero C, Medina E, Vargas J, Brenes M, De Castro A. In vitro activity of olive oil polyphenols against Helicobacter pylori. J Agric Food Chem. 2007; 55:680–686.
34. Song JM, Lee KH, Seong BL. Antiviral effect of catechins in green tea on influenza virus. Antivir Res. 2005; 68:66–74.
35. Gitelson AA, Gritz Y, Merzlyak MN. Relationships between leaf chlorophyll content and spectral reflectance and algorithms for non-destructive chlorophyll assessment in higher plant leaves. J Plant Physiol. 2003; 160:271–282.
36. Rodriguez-Amaya DB. Carotenoids and Food Preparation: The Retention of Pro-vitamin A Carotenoids in Prepared, Processed, and Stored Foods. Department of Food Science Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas. Brazil. John Snow, Inc. /OMNI Project. 1997; pp 93.
37. Tian B, Xu Z, Sun Z, Lin J, Hua Y. Evaluation of the antioxidant effects of carotenoids from Deinococcus radiodurans through targeted mutagenesis, chemiluminescence, and DNA damage analyses. Biochem Biophys Acta. 2007; 1770:902-911.
38. Nishino H. Cancer prevention by carotenoids. Mutat Res. 1998; 402:159-163.
39. Jaswir I, Noviendri D, Hasrini RF, Octavianti F. Carotenoids: Sources, medicinal properties and their application in food and nutraceutical industry. J Med Plants Res. 2011; 5(33):7119-7131.
40. Aina JO. Physico-chemical changes in African Mango (Irvingia gabogensis) during normal storage ripening. J. Food Chem. 1990; 36:205–212.
41. Jacob RA. The integrated antioxidant system. Nutr Res. 1995; 15:755-766.
42. Ratnam DV, Ankola DD, Bhardwaj V, Sahana DK, Kumar MNVR. Role of antioxidants in prophylaxis and therapy: A pharmeumaceutical perspective. J Control Release. 2006; 113:189-207.
43. Becker EM, Nissen LR, Skibsted LH. Antioxidant evaluation protocols: Food quality or health effects. Eur Food Res Technol. 2004; 219:561-571.
44. Ndhlala AR, Moyo M, Staden JV. Natural Antioxidants: Fascinating or Mythical Biomolecules? Molecules. 2010; 15:6905-6930; doi:10.3390/molecules15106905.
45. Irondi AE, Oboh G, Akintunde JK. Comparative and Synergistic Antioxidant properties of Carica papaya and Azadarichta indica Leaves. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2012; 3(12): 4773-4779.
46. Manaharan T, Palanisamy UD, Ming CH. Tropical Plant Extracts as Potential Antihyperglycemic Agents. Molecules. 2012; 17:5915-5923.
47. Tiwari AK, Rao JM. Diabetic mellitus and multiple therapeutic approaches of phytochemicals: Present status and future prospects. Curr Sci. 2002; 83(1):30-37.
48. Ali H, Houghton PJ, Soumyanath A. α-Amylase inhibitory activity of some Malaysian plants used to treat diabetes; with particular reference to Phyllanthus amarus. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006; 107:449–455.
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01-07-2013
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“PHENOLOGICAL VARIATION IN THE IN-VITRO ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES AND Α-AMYLASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF TETRAPLEURA TETRAPTERA POD”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 5, no. 3, July 2013, pp. 108-12, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2013.050306.
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How to Cite
“PHENOLOGICAL VARIATION IN THE IN-VITRO ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES AND Α-AMYLASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF TETRAPLEURA TETRAPTERA POD”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 5, no. 3, July 2013, pp. 108-12, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2013.050306.
