AMELIORATING EFFECT OF GINGER EXTRACT (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE ROSCOE) ON LIVER MARKER ENZYMES, LIPID PROFILE IN ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE INDUCED MALE RATS
Abstract
Nowadays, aluminium (Al) exposure has been increasing and it has the potential to be toxic in animal and humans. In recent years, ginger has become a subject of interest because of its beneficial effects on human health. The purpose of the present study to investigate the effect of ginger extract on serum biochemical parameters of aluminium chloride (AlCl3) induced male rats. 24 Wistar rats (6 in each group) distributed into 4 groups. Control group received distilled water as vehicle; In E1 group, animal received AlCl3 orally (100 mg/kg bw), E2 group received AlCl3 (100 mg/kg bw) and simultaneously with ginger extract (50 mg/kg bw) and E3 group received ginger extract alone (50 mg/kg bw) for 60 days. At the end of the experimental period, blood samples were collected for separating the serum for biochemical analyses. The results showed that oral administration of aluminium revealed a significant increase in the levels of serum glucose, total protein, globulin, albumin, urea, uric acid, creatinine, lipid profile and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and no change was noted in bilirubin. The extract of ginger decreased the activities serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, lipid profile and all the parameter studied. It was concluded that the consumption of ginger protects the liver and kidney against the Aluminium toxicity. In addition, ginger is capable of improving hyperlipidemia and the impaired kidney functions.
Keywords:
AST, ALT, ALP, ginger, lipid profilesDOI
https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2015.070109References
1. Verstraeten SV, Aimo L. Aluminium and lead: molecular mechanisms of brain toxicity. Arch. Toxicol. 2008; 82:789-802.
2. Ochmanski W, Barabasz W. Aluminium-occurrence and toxicity for organisms. Przegl. Lek. 2000; 57:665-668.
3. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). Toxicological profile for aluminium. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service, 1990.
4. Jones XC, Bennett BG. Exposure of man environmental aluminum-an exposure commitment assessment. Sci. Total Environ. 1986; 52:65-82.
5. Exley C, Burgess E, Day JP, Jeffery EH, Melethil S, Yokel RA. Aluminium toxicokinetics. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 1996; 48:569-584.
6. Chen J, Wang M, Run D, She J. Early chronic aluminium exposure impairs long-term potentation and depression to the rat dentate gyrus in vivo. Neuroscience. 2002; 112(4):879.
7. Campbell A. The potential role of aluminium in Alzheimers disease. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2002; 17(2):17.
8. Strong MJ, Garruto RM, Joshi JG, Mundy WR, Shafer TJ. Can the mechanisms of aluminium neurotoxicity be integrated into a unified scheme? J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 1996; 48 (6):599-613.
9. Chaitanya TV, Mallipeddi K, Bondili JS. Nayak P. Effect of aluminum exposure on superoxide and peroxide handling capacities by liver, kidney, testis and temporal cortex in rat. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 2012; 49(5):395-8.
10. Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks HL. Transport and Metabolic Functions of Liver. In: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, Barrett, K.E., S.M. Barman, S. Boitano and H.L. Brooks (Eds.). 23rd Edn., McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2010, pp. 479-487.
11. Slater TF. Free-radical mechanisms in tissue injury. Biochem J. 1984; 222:1-15.
12. Barbier O, Jacquille GT , Tauc M, Cougnan M, Poujeol P. Effect of heavy metals on, and handling by kidney. Nephron Physiol. 2005; 99:105-110.
13. WHO. Regional Office for Western Pacific, research guidelines for evaluating the safety and efficacy of herbal medicines. 1993: Manila.
14. White B. Ginger, an overview. American Family Physician. 2007; 75: 689-1691.
15. Abdel-Azeem AS, Hegazy AM, Ibrahim KS, Farrag AR, El-Sayed EM. Hepatoprotective, antioxidant and ameliorative effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and vitamin E in acetaminophen treated rats. Journal of Diet Supplements. 2013; 10(3):195-209.
16. Sanjay P, Akhani S, Vishwakarma L, Goyal RK. Anti-diabetic activity of Zingiber officinale in streptozotocin-induced type I diabetic rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2004; 56(1):101-106.
17. El-Rokh SM, Yassin NA, El-Shennawy SM, Ibrahim BM. Antihypercholesterolemic effect of ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale) in rats. Inflammopharmacology 2010; 18(6):309-315.
18. Mahmoud RH, Elnour WA. Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of ginger and orlistat on obesity management, pancreatic lipase and liver peroxisomal catalase enzyme in male albino rats. European Review of Medicinal and Pharmacological Sciences 2013; 17:75-83.
19. Ajith TA, Hema U, Aswathy MS. Zingiber officinale Roscoe prevents acetaminophen-induced acute hepatotoxicity by enhancing hepatic antioxidant Status. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2007; 45:2267-2272.
20. Anand P, Nehru B. Alterations in glutathione system in adult and pup rat brains following chronic aluminium exposure. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental medicine 2006; 10(3):128-132.
21. Srinivasan K, Sambaiah K. Effect of spices on cholesterol 7α - hydroxylase activities and on serum and hepatic cholesterol levels in the rat. Int J Vit Nutr Res. 1991; 61:364-369.
22. El-Demerdash FM. Antioxidant effect of vitamin E and selenium on lipid peroxidation, enzymes activities and biochemical parameter in rats exposed to aluminium. J. Trace elements med. Biol. 2004; 18:113-122.
23. Yousef MI. Aluminium induced changes in hemato-biochemical parameters, lipid peroxidation and enzymes activities of male rabbits: Protective role of ascorbic acid. Toxicology. 2004; 199:47-57.
24. Metwally FM, Mazhar MS, Ibrahim KHS. Serum essential metals changes among pot room worker in aluminum industry. Kaasr El Aini Med. J. 2002; 8(2):129-140.
25. Chinoy NJ, Memon MR. Beneficial effects of some vitamins and calcium on fluoride and aluminium toxicity on gastrocnemius muscle and liver of male mice. Fluoride. 2001; 34:21-33.
26. Akhani SP, Vishwakarma SL, Goyal RK. Anti-diabetic activity of Zingiber officinale in Streptozotocin-induced type I diabetic rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2004; 56:101-105.
27. Sharma M, Shukla S. Hypoglycaemic effect of ginger. The J. of Research in Indian Yoga and Homoeopathy 1977; 12:127-130.
28. Bhandari U, Grover JK. Effect of ethanolic extract of ginger on hyperglycemic rats. International Journal of Diabetes. 1998; 6:95-96.
29. Pachathundikandi SK, Varghese ET. Blood Zinc protoporphyrin, serum total protein, and total cholesterol levels in automobile Workshop Workers in relation to lead toxicity: Our experience. Indian J. Clin. Biochem. 2006; 21:114-117.
30. Fahid Al- Hashem. Camel’s mill protects against aluminium chloride induced toxicity in the liver and kidney of white albino rats. American journal of biochemistry and biotechnology 2009; 5(3):98-109.
31. Fyiad AA. Aluminium Toxicity and Oxidative Damage Reduction by Melatonin in Rats. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 2007; 3(10):1210-1217.
32. Gonzalez MA, Alvarez ML, Pisani GB. Involvement of oxidative stress in the impairment in biliary secretory function induced by intraperitoneal administration of aluminum to rats. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2007; 116:329-48.
33. Iseri S, Ercan F, Gedik N, Yuksel M, Alican I. Simvastatin attenuates cisplatin-induced kidney and liver damage in rats. Toxicology 2007; 230:256-264.
34. Sallie R, Tredger JM, Williams R. Drugs and the liver. Part I: Testing liver function. Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 1991; 12:251-259.
35. Ulican O, Greksak M, Vancova O, Zlatos L, Galbavy S Bozek P, Nakano M. Hepatoprotective Effect of Rooibos Tea (Aspalathus linearis) on CCl4-Induced Liver Damage in RatsPhysiol. Res. 2003; 52:461-466.
36. Porchezhian E, Ansari SH. Hepatoprotective activity of Abutilon indicum on experimental liver damage in rats. Phytomed. 2005; 12:62-64.
37. Hassoun EA, Stohs SJ. Comparative studies on oxidative stress as a mechanism for the fetotoxic of TCDD, endrin and lindane in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. Teratology. 1995; 51:186.
38. Nikolov IG, Joki N, Vicca S, Patey N, Auchere D, Benchitrit J. Tissue accumulation of lanthanum as compared to aluminum in rats with chronic renal failure: Possible harmful effects after long-term exposure. Nephron Exp. Nephrol. 2010; 115:e112-e121.
39. Wilhelm M, Jaeger DE, Schull-Cablitz H, Hafner D, Idel H. Hepatic clearance and retention of aluminium: studies in the isolated perfused rat liver. Toxicol. Lett.1996; 89:257-263.
40. Lakshmi R, Kundu R, Thomas E, Mansuri AP. Mercuric chloride induced inhibition of acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in the kidney of Mudskipper, Boleophthalmus dentatus. Acta Hydrochim Hydrobiol. 1991; 3: 341-344.
41. Esmaeili MA, Sonboli A, Kanani MR, Sadeghi H. Salvia sahendica prevents tissue damages induced by alcohol in oxidative stress conditions: Effect on liver and kidney oxidative parameters. J. Med. Plants Res. 2009; 3:276-283.
42. Rahman MF, Siddiqui MK, Jamil K. Acid and alkaline phosphatase activities in a novel phosphorothionate (RPR-11) treated male and female rats. Evidence of dose and time-dependent response. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 2000; 23: 497–509.
43. Szilagyi M, Bokori J, Fekete S, Vetesi M, Albert M, Kadar. Effects of long term aluminium exposure on certain serum constituents in broiler chicken. Eur. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 1994; 32:485-486.
44. Omoniyi K, Yemitan, Matthew C. Izegbu. Protective Effects of Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae) against Carbon Tetrachloride and Acetaminophen-induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats. Phytother. Res. 2006; 20:997-1002.
45. Attyah AM, Ismail SH. Protective Effect of Ginger Extract against Cisplatin-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Cardiotoxicity in Rats. Iraqi J Pharm Sci. 2012; 21(1):27-33.
46. Bhandari U, Shamsher AA, Pillai KK, Khan MSY. Antihepatotoxic activity of ginger ethanol extract in rats. Pharm. Biol. 2003; 41(1):68-71.
47. Kloppel H, Fledner A, Kordal W. Behaviour and endotoxicology of aluminium in soil and water. Rev. Sci. Literature chemosphere. 1997; 35:353-363.
48. Alfrey AC, LeGendre GR, Kaehny. The dialysis encephalopathy syndrome. Possible aluminium intoxication. N. Engl. J. Med. 1976; 294:184-188.
49. Katyal R, Desigan B, Sodhi CP, Ojha S. Oral aluminium administration and oxidative injury. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 1997; 57:125-130.
50. Al-Attar AM, Zari TA. Modulatory effects of ginger and clove oils on physiological responses in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Intern. J. Pharmacol. 2007; 3(1):34-40.
51. Mehrdad M, Messripour M, Ghobadipour M. The effect of ginger extract on blood urea nitrogen and creatinine in mice. Pak J Biol Sci. 2007; 10(17):2968-71.
52. Sarin S, Gupta V, Gill KD. Alterations in lipid composition and neuronal injury in primates following chronic Aluminium exposure. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1997; 59:133-143.
53. Bhandari U, Kanojia R, Pillai KK. Effect of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale on dyslipidaemia in diabetic rats. J. Ethanopharmacol. 2005; 97:227-230.
54. Han LK, Gong XJ, Kawano S, Saito M, Kimura Y, Okuda H. Antiobesity actions of Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Yakugaku Zassbi. 2005; 125: 213-217, Japanese.
55. Sharma I, Gusain D, Dixit VP. Hypolipidemic and antiatherosclerotic effects of Zingiber officinale in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Phto. Res.1996; 10:517-518.
56. Bhandari U, Sharma JN, Zafar R. The protective action of ethanolic ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract in cholesterol fed rabbits. J. Ethanopharmacol. 1998; 61(2):167-171.
57. Gujaral S, Bhumra H, Swaroop M. Effect of ginger oleoresin on serum and hepatic cholesterol levels in cholesterol-fed rats. Nutrition Reports International. 1978; 17: 183-187.
58. Fuhrman B, Roseblate M, Hayek T, Coleman R, Aviram M. Ginger Extract Consumption Reduces Plasma Cholesterol, Inhibits LDL Oxidation and Attenuates Development of Atherosclerosis in Atherosclerotic, Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. J. Nutr. 2000; 130: 1124-1131.
2. Ochmanski W, Barabasz W. Aluminium-occurrence and toxicity for organisms. Przegl. Lek. 2000; 57:665-668.
3. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). Toxicological profile for aluminium. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service, 1990.
4. Jones XC, Bennett BG. Exposure of man environmental aluminum-an exposure commitment assessment. Sci. Total Environ. 1986; 52:65-82.
5. Exley C, Burgess E, Day JP, Jeffery EH, Melethil S, Yokel RA. Aluminium toxicokinetics. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 1996; 48:569-584.
6. Chen J, Wang M, Run D, She J. Early chronic aluminium exposure impairs long-term potentation and depression to the rat dentate gyrus in vivo. Neuroscience. 2002; 112(4):879.
7. Campbell A. The potential role of aluminium in Alzheimers disease. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2002; 17(2):17.
8. Strong MJ, Garruto RM, Joshi JG, Mundy WR, Shafer TJ. Can the mechanisms of aluminium neurotoxicity be integrated into a unified scheme? J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 1996; 48 (6):599-613.
9. Chaitanya TV, Mallipeddi K, Bondili JS. Nayak P. Effect of aluminum exposure on superoxide and peroxide handling capacities by liver, kidney, testis and temporal cortex in rat. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 2012; 49(5):395-8.
10. Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks HL. Transport and Metabolic Functions of Liver. In: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, Barrett, K.E., S.M. Barman, S. Boitano and H.L. Brooks (Eds.). 23rd Edn., McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2010, pp. 479-487.
11. Slater TF. Free-radical mechanisms in tissue injury. Biochem J. 1984; 222:1-15.
12. Barbier O, Jacquille GT , Tauc M, Cougnan M, Poujeol P. Effect of heavy metals on, and handling by kidney. Nephron Physiol. 2005; 99:105-110.
13. WHO. Regional Office for Western Pacific, research guidelines for evaluating the safety and efficacy of herbal medicines. 1993: Manila.
14. White B. Ginger, an overview. American Family Physician. 2007; 75: 689-1691.
15. Abdel-Azeem AS, Hegazy AM, Ibrahim KS, Farrag AR, El-Sayed EM. Hepatoprotective, antioxidant and ameliorative effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and vitamin E in acetaminophen treated rats. Journal of Diet Supplements. 2013; 10(3):195-209.
16. Sanjay P, Akhani S, Vishwakarma L, Goyal RK. Anti-diabetic activity of Zingiber officinale in streptozotocin-induced type I diabetic rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2004; 56(1):101-106.
17. El-Rokh SM, Yassin NA, El-Shennawy SM, Ibrahim BM. Antihypercholesterolemic effect of ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale) in rats. Inflammopharmacology 2010; 18(6):309-315.
18. Mahmoud RH, Elnour WA. Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of ginger and orlistat on obesity management, pancreatic lipase and liver peroxisomal catalase enzyme in male albino rats. European Review of Medicinal and Pharmacological Sciences 2013; 17:75-83.
19. Ajith TA, Hema U, Aswathy MS. Zingiber officinale Roscoe prevents acetaminophen-induced acute hepatotoxicity by enhancing hepatic antioxidant Status. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2007; 45:2267-2272.
20. Anand P, Nehru B. Alterations in glutathione system in adult and pup rat brains following chronic aluminium exposure. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental medicine 2006; 10(3):128-132.
21. Srinivasan K, Sambaiah K. Effect of spices on cholesterol 7α - hydroxylase activities and on serum and hepatic cholesterol levels in the rat. Int J Vit Nutr Res. 1991; 61:364-369.
22. El-Demerdash FM. Antioxidant effect of vitamin E and selenium on lipid peroxidation, enzymes activities and biochemical parameter in rats exposed to aluminium. J. Trace elements med. Biol. 2004; 18:113-122.
23. Yousef MI. Aluminium induced changes in hemato-biochemical parameters, lipid peroxidation and enzymes activities of male rabbits: Protective role of ascorbic acid. Toxicology. 2004; 199:47-57.
24. Metwally FM, Mazhar MS, Ibrahim KHS. Serum essential metals changes among pot room worker in aluminum industry. Kaasr El Aini Med. J. 2002; 8(2):129-140.
25. Chinoy NJ, Memon MR. Beneficial effects of some vitamins and calcium on fluoride and aluminium toxicity on gastrocnemius muscle and liver of male mice. Fluoride. 2001; 34:21-33.
26. Akhani SP, Vishwakarma SL, Goyal RK. Anti-diabetic activity of Zingiber officinale in Streptozotocin-induced type I diabetic rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2004; 56:101-105.
27. Sharma M, Shukla S. Hypoglycaemic effect of ginger. The J. of Research in Indian Yoga and Homoeopathy 1977; 12:127-130.
28. Bhandari U, Grover JK. Effect of ethanolic extract of ginger on hyperglycemic rats. International Journal of Diabetes. 1998; 6:95-96.
29. Pachathundikandi SK, Varghese ET. Blood Zinc protoporphyrin, serum total protein, and total cholesterol levels in automobile Workshop Workers in relation to lead toxicity: Our experience. Indian J. Clin. Biochem. 2006; 21:114-117.
30. Fahid Al- Hashem. Camel’s mill protects against aluminium chloride induced toxicity in the liver and kidney of white albino rats. American journal of biochemistry and biotechnology 2009; 5(3):98-109.
31. Fyiad AA. Aluminium Toxicity and Oxidative Damage Reduction by Melatonin in Rats. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 2007; 3(10):1210-1217.
32. Gonzalez MA, Alvarez ML, Pisani GB. Involvement of oxidative stress in the impairment in biliary secretory function induced by intraperitoneal administration of aluminum to rats. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2007; 116:329-48.
33. Iseri S, Ercan F, Gedik N, Yuksel M, Alican I. Simvastatin attenuates cisplatin-induced kidney and liver damage in rats. Toxicology 2007; 230:256-264.
34. Sallie R, Tredger JM, Williams R. Drugs and the liver. Part I: Testing liver function. Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 1991; 12:251-259.
35. Ulican O, Greksak M, Vancova O, Zlatos L, Galbavy S Bozek P, Nakano M. Hepatoprotective Effect of Rooibos Tea (Aspalathus linearis) on CCl4-Induced Liver Damage in RatsPhysiol. Res. 2003; 52:461-466.
36. Porchezhian E, Ansari SH. Hepatoprotective activity of Abutilon indicum on experimental liver damage in rats. Phytomed. 2005; 12:62-64.
37. Hassoun EA, Stohs SJ. Comparative studies on oxidative stress as a mechanism for the fetotoxic of TCDD, endrin and lindane in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. Teratology. 1995; 51:186.
38. Nikolov IG, Joki N, Vicca S, Patey N, Auchere D, Benchitrit J. Tissue accumulation of lanthanum as compared to aluminum in rats with chronic renal failure: Possible harmful effects after long-term exposure. Nephron Exp. Nephrol. 2010; 115:e112-e121.
39. Wilhelm M, Jaeger DE, Schull-Cablitz H, Hafner D, Idel H. Hepatic clearance and retention of aluminium: studies in the isolated perfused rat liver. Toxicol. Lett.1996; 89:257-263.
40. Lakshmi R, Kundu R, Thomas E, Mansuri AP. Mercuric chloride induced inhibition of acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in the kidney of Mudskipper, Boleophthalmus dentatus. Acta Hydrochim Hydrobiol. 1991; 3: 341-344.
41. Esmaeili MA, Sonboli A, Kanani MR, Sadeghi H. Salvia sahendica prevents tissue damages induced by alcohol in oxidative stress conditions: Effect on liver and kidney oxidative parameters. J. Med. Plants Res. 2009; 3:276-283.
42. Rahman MF, Siddiqui MK, Jamil K. Acid and alkaline phosphatase activities in a novel phosphorothionate (RPR-11) treated male and female rats. Evidence of dose and time-dependent response. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 2000; 23: 497–509.
43. Szilagyi M, Bokori J, Fekete S, Vetesi M, Albert M, Kadar. Effects of long term aluminium exposure on certain serum constituents in broiler chicken. Eur. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 1994; 32:485-486.
44. Omoniyi K, Yemitan, Matthew C. Izegbu. Protective Effects of Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae) against Carbon Tetrachloride and Acetaminophen-induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats. Phytother. Res. 2006; 20:997-1002.
45. Attyah AM, Ismail SH. Protective Effect of Ginger Extract against Cisplatin-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Cardiotoxicity in Rats. Iraqi J Pharm Sci. 2012; 21(1):27-33.
46. Bhandari U, Shamsher AA, Pillai KK, Khan MSY. Antihepatotoxic activity of ginger ethanol extract in rats. Pharm. Biol. 2003; 41(1):68-71.
47. Kloppel H, Fledner A, Kordal W. Behaviour and endotoxicology of aluminium in soil and water. Rev. Sci. Literature chemosphere. 1997; 35:353-363.
48. Alfrey AC, LeGendre GR, Kaehny. The dialysis encephalopathy syndrome. Possible aluminium intoxication. N. Engl. J. Med. 1976; 294:184-188.
49. Katyal R, Desigan B, Sodhi CP, Ojha S. Oral aluminium administration and oxidative injury. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 1997; 57:125-130.
50. Al-Attar AM, Zari TA. Modulatory effects of ginger and clove oils on physiological responses in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Intern. J. Pharmacol. 2007; 3(1):34-40.
51. Mehrdad M, Messripour M, Ghobadipour M. The effect of ginger extract on blood urea nitrogen and creatinine in mice. Pak J Biol Sci. 2007; 10(17):2968-71.
52. Sarin S, Gupta V, Gill KD. Alterations in lipid composition and neuronal injury in primates following chronic Aluminium exposure. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1997; 59:133-143.
53. Bhandari U, Kanojia R, Pillai KK. Effect of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale on dyslipidaemia in diabetic rats. J. Ethanopharmacol. 2005; 97:227-230.
54. Han LK, Gong XJ, Kawano S, Saito M, Kimura Y, Okuda H. Antiobesity actions of Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Yakugaku Zassbi. 2005; 125: 213-217, Japanese.
55. Sharma I, Gusain D, Dixit VP. Hypolipidemic and antiatherosclerotic effects of Zingiber officinale in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Phto. Res.1996; 10:517-518.
56. Bhandari U, Sharma JN, Zafar R. The protective action of ethanolic ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract in cholesterol fed rabbits. J. Ethanopharmacol. 1998; 61(2):167-171.
57. Gujaral S, Bhumra H, Swaroop M. Effect of ginger oleoresin on serum and hepatic cholesterol levels in cholesterol-fed rats. Nutrition Reports International. 1978; 17: 183-187.
58. Fuhrman B, Roseblate M, Hayek T, Coleman R, Aviram M. Ginger Extract Consumption Reduces Plasma Cholesterol, Inhibits LDL Oxidation and Attenuates Development of Atherosclerosis in Atherosclerotic, Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. J. Nutr. 2000; 130: 1124-1131.
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“AMELIORATING EFFECT OF GINGER EXTRACT (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE ROSCOE) ON LIVER MARKER ENZYMES, LIPID PROFILE IN ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE INDUCED MALE RATS”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 7, no. 1, Jan. 2015, pp. 52-58, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2015.070109.
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How to Cite
“AMELIORATING EFFECT OF GINGER EXTRACT (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE ROSCOE) ON LIVER MARKER ENZYMES, LIPID PROFILE IN ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE INDUCED MALE RATS”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 7, no. 1, Jan. 2015, pp. 52-58, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2015.070109.
