IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CAMELLIA SINENSIS AND ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA AGAINST VANCOMYCIN RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCI
Abstract
The herbal extracts of Camellia sinensis (Cs) and Andrographis paniculata (Ap) with standard F/P ratio (flavonoid/ polyphenol) of 0.26-0.27 were used for evaluation of anti-microbial efficacy against Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci (VRE). The bioactivity fingerprints useful for standardizing both extracts were found to be coherent with respect to their Diphenyl picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging potential (IC50 = ~ 30µg/ml). In vitro efficacy analysis of Cs and Ap extracts using exponentially growing culture of VRE revealed Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) as 200µg/mL and 50µg/mL respectively. The comparative analysis of their Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) revealed that 5X concentration of Cs as against 10X concentration of Ap was required to achieve zero microbial count. Such analysis indicated that both extracts would be useful for future analysis. In vivo pre-clinical evaluation studies are underway for utilization of identified herbal leads for trials on humans.
Keywords:
Camellia sinensis, Andrographis paniculata, Vancomycin, Enterococci, Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations, Synergistic, BactericidalDOI
https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2015.070205References
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28. Chawla R, Jaiswal S, Kumar R, Arora R and Sharma RK. Himalayan Bioresource: Rhodiola imbricata as a promising radio-protector for nuclear and radiological emergencies. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2010; 2:213–9.
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30. Parekh J, Sumitra C. Antibacterial and phytochemical studies on twelve species of Indian medicinal plants. African Journal of Biomedical Research 2007; 10: 2-23.
2. Zy EA, Area A, Aam K. Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plant extracts in Palestine. Pak J Med Sci. 2005; 21:187-193.
3. Rice LB. Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-Positive Bacteria. The American Journal of Medicine 2006; 116:S11-S19.
4. Anton Y, David H. Hospital-Acquired Infections Due to Gram-Negative Bacteria. The New England journal of medicine 2010; 362: 1804-1813.
5. Arias CA, Murray BE. Antibiotic resistant bugs in the 21st Century - A clinical super-challenge. The New England journal of medicine 2009; 360: 439-43.
6. Praharaj I, Sujatha S, Parija SC. Phenotypic & genotypic characterization of vancomycin resistant Enterococcus isolates from clinical specimens. Indian J Med Res. 2013; 138:549-56.
7. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System Report: data summary from January 1992 through June 2004. Am J Infect Control. 2004; 32: 470-85.
8. Arias CA, Murray BE: The rise of the Enterococcus: beyond vancomycin resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2012; 10: 266-278.
9. Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. Animicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts. J Appl Microbiol. 1999; 86:985-990.
10. Dontha S, Hemalatha K, Bhagavanraju M. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Ixora: A Review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2015; 7: 567-584.
11. Rajamaheswari K, Velpandian V, Pitchiahkumar M, Arunachalam K, Jothi Ramalingam R. Novel Standardization Method and Characterization of Ayakandha chenduram: Efficient Herbal Medicine for Anemia. Bulletin of Pharmaceutical Research 2014; 4: 140-2.
12. Chawla R, Chowdhry A, Thakur P, Goel R et al. Mitigation strategies to reduce burden of antibiotic resistance: case study of Staphylococcus aureus. International Journal of Biology, Pharmacy and Allied Sciences 2015; 4: 24-45.
13. Barry AL, Jones RN, Gavan TL, Washington JA. Manual of clinical microbiology. American Society for microbiology, Washington, 1991, pp. 972-977.
14. Allen NE, Hobbs JN. Induction of vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium by non-glycopeptide antibiotics. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1995; 132: 107-114.
15. Ahmad I, Ahmad Khan MS, Cameotra SS. Quality Assessment of Herbal Drugs and Medicinal Plant Products. Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, 2000.
16. Liang YZ, Xie PS, Kelvin C. Quality control of herbal medicines. Chromatogr. B. 2004; 812: 53-70.
17. Wagner H. Plant drug analysis: a thin layer chromatography atlas. Springer Science & Business Media, 1996.
18. De S, Dey YN, Ghosh AK. Phytochemical investigation and chromatographic evaluation of the different extracts of tuber of Amorphaphallus paeoniifolius (Araceae). Int J Pharm Biol Res. 2010; 1: 150-157.
19. Chitravadivu C, Manian S, Kalaichelvi K. Qualitative analysis of selected medicinal plants, Tamilnadu, India. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 2009; 4: 144-146.
20. Kumar A, Ilavarasan R, Jayachandran T, Decaraman M, Aravindhan P, Padmanabhan N, Krishnan MRV. Phytochemicals investigation on a tropical plant, Syzygium cumini from Kattuppalayam, Erode district, Tamil Nadu, South India. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 2009; 8: 83-85.
21. Nasr CB, Ayed N, Metche M. Quantitative determination of the polyphenolic content of pomegranate peel. Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und Forschung. 1996; 203: 374-378.
22. Crozier A, Lean M E, McDonald M S, Black C. Quantitative analysis of the flavonoid content of commercial tomatoes, onions, lettuce, and celery. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1997; 45: 590-595.
23. Bhandary SK, Kumari NS, Bhat VS, Sharmila KP, Bekal MP. Preliminary phytochemical screening of various extracts of Punica granatum peel, whole fruit and seeds. J Health Sci. 2012; 2: 35-38.
24. Wojdyło A, Oszmiański J, Czemerys R. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in 32 selected herbs. Food chemistry 2007; 105: 940-949.
25. Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999; 12:564-582.
26. Thakur P, Chawla R, Goel R, Arora R, Sharma RK. In silico modeling for Identification of promising antimicrobials of Herbal origin against highly virulent pathogenic strains of bacteria like New Delhi Metallo-beta-lactamase-1 Escherichia coli. Int J Innov Appl Stud. 2013; 4: 582-92.
27. Thakur P, Chawla R, Chowdhry A, Chakotiya A, Singh N, Goel R, Kaushik V, Arora R and Sharma RK. Targeting Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria “NDM-1 Escherichia coli” adopting Ethnopharmacological Approach: An alternative strategy to counteract superbugs menace. Journal of Antimicrobials. 2013; 128: 147-156.
28. Chawla R, Jaiswal S, Kumar R, Arora R and Sharma RK. Himalayan Bioresource: Rhodiola imbricata as a promising radio-protector for nuclear and radiological emergencies. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2010; 2:213–9.
29. Rotblatt MD. Herbal medicine: a practical guide to safety and quality assurance. Western journal of medicine 1999; 171: 172-183.
30. Parekh J, Sumitra C. Antibacterial and phytochemical studies on twelve species of Indian medicinal plants. African Journal of Biomedical Research 2007; 10: 2-23.
Published
01-03-2015
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“IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CAMELLIA SINENSIS AND ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA AGAINST VANCOMYCIN RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCI”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 7, no. 2, Mar. 2015, pp. 157-62, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2015.070205.
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How to Cite
“IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CAMELLIA SINENSIS AND ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA AGAINST VANCOMYCIN RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCI”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 7, no. 2, Mar. 2015, pp. 157-62, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2015.070205.
