PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION AND DETECTION OF ANACARDIC ACID IN CALLUS CULTURE AND VARIOUS PLANT PARTS OF ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L.
Abstract
Anacardium occidentale L. is much known for its commercially valuable kernals and also bioactive compounds like polyphenols which serve as natural antioxidant having an ability to quench cytotoxic free radicals that may prevent many diseases. The present study was carried out to evaluate the presence of anacardic acid, total phenolic compound, antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity in methanolic extract of callus and various plant parts such as flower, young leaves, shoot and cotyledon. Total phenolic contents were measured by the Folin-Ciocalteau method using gallic acid as standard compound. The maximum phenolic content was found in the methanol extract of flower (260.8 ± 5.543 mg/g) whereas the methanol extract of cotyledon (16.2 ± 3.284 mg/g) showed the lowest total phenolic content. The action of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) on radical scavenging effect of the extracts was determined spectrophotometrically using ascorbic acid as standard compound. All extracts exhibited a DPPH radical scavenging activity and among the extracts, A. occidentale flower demonstrated greater antioxidant potential with a low IC50 (206.312 ± 0.38µg/ml) in comparison with those of the other extracts. Total phenolic contents showed positive correlations with the DPPH radical scavenging activity (r = 0.979; p<0.01) and negative correlations with IC50 (r = -0.984; p<0.01). The antibacterial capabilities of various extracts were also investigated against two common human pathogens of clinical importance, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Presence of anacardic acid in various extracts was also estimated by using HPTLC method. Pre-coated aluminum silica gel plate 60F254 was used as stationary phase and chloroform: ethyl acetate (9:1) was used as mobile phase.
Keywords:
Anacardium occidentale, 4-D, BAP, Callus, Total phenolic contents, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, Antioxidant activity, DPPH, HPTLCDOI
https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2015.070305References
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16. Runnie I, Salleh MN, Mohammed S, Head R, Abeywardena M. Vasorelaxation induced by common edible tropical plant extracts in isolated rat aorta and mesenteric vascular bed. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2004; 92(3): 311-316.
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23. D’Silva I. Micropropagation of Alianthus and Anacardium occidentale L. through tissue culture, PhD Thesis, Mangalore Univ., India, 1991.
24. Chandrasekara N, Shahidi F. Effect of Roasting on Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activities of Whole Cashew Nuts, Kernels, and Testa. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2011; 59 (9): 5006-5014.
25. Marc A, Didier K, Tetchi A, Achille F, N’Guessan Georges A. Phenolic profile of cashew apple juice (Anacardium occidentale L.) from Yamoussoukro and Korhogo. Journal of Applied Biosciences 2012; 49: 3331-3338.
26. Jaiswal YS, Tatke PA, Gabhe S, Vaidya A. Antioxidant activity of various extracts of leaves of Anacardium occidentale (Cashew). Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences 2010; 1(4):112-119.
27. Nugroho AE, Malik A, Pramono S. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and in vitro anti hypertension activity of purified extract of Indonesian cashew leaves (Anacardium occidentale L.). International Food Research Journal 2013; 20(1): 299-305.
28. Sahoo K, Atish, Nisha Narayanan, Sahana S, Rajan SS, Pulok K, Mukherjee. In Vitro Antioxidant Potential of Semecarpus anacardium L. Pharmacology online 2008; 3: 327-335.
29. Mokhtar NM, Kanthimathi MS, Azlina Abdul Aziz. Comparisons between the Antioxidant Activities of the Extracts of Anacardium occidentale and Piper betle. Malaysian Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2008; 16(1): 16-21.
30. Huang D, Ou B, Prior RL. The chemistry behind antioxidant capacity assays. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005; 53:1841-1856.
31. Borneo R, Leόn EA, Aguirre A, Ribotta P, Cantero JJ. Antioxidant capacity of medicinal plants from the Province of Cordoba (Argentina) and their in vitro testing in model food system. Food Chem. 2008; 112: 664-670.
32. Jaiswal Y, Tatke P, Gabhe S, Vaidya A. Effect of Various Drying Methods on Antioxidant Activity and Catechin Content of Cashew Leaves. Int J Adv Pharm Biol Sci. 2012; 2(2):176-182.
33. Tan YP, Chiang Chan EW. Antioxidant, antityrosinase and antibacterial properties of fresh and processed leaves of Anacardium occidentale and Piper betle. Food Bioscience. 2014; 6:17-23.
34. Chbisika K, Sina H, Adoukonu SH, Ahoton LE, Roko GO, Saidou A, Adeoti K, Ahanchede A, Baba Moussa L. Antimicrobial activity of Anacardium occidentale L. leaves and barks extracts on pathogenic bacteria. African journal of microbiology research. 2014; 8(25): 2458-2467.
35. Varghese J, Vijay KT, Balla V, Giliyar SB. Antimicrobial effect of Anacardium occidentale leaf extract against pathogens causing periodontal disease. Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology.2013; 4: 15-18.
36. Chunthanom P, Chaikham P, Intaket R. Biochemical and antibacterial properties of Thai medicine herbal infusions. International food research journal 2013; 20(4):1901-1907.
37. Agedah CE, Bawo DDS, Nyananyo BL. Identification of antimicrobial properties of cashew, Anacardium occidentale L. (Family Anacardiaceae). J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. 2010; 14 (3):25-27.
38. Harish CA, Vijay KP. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC): A modern analytical tool for biological analysis. Nature and Science. 2010; 8(10):58-61.
39. Praveen Kumar SN, Bhadre Gowda DG, Vathsala Deepu C, Mantelingu K, Rangappa KS. Development and validation of a normal phase HPLC method for separation of anacardic acid isomers in cashew nut shell liquid. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research. 2013; 5(5):369-373.
40. Trevisan MTS, Pfundstein B, Haubner R, Wurtele G, Spiegelhalder B, Bartsch H, Owen RW. Characterization of alkyl phenols in cashew (Anacardium occidentale) products and assay of their antioxidant capacity. Food and chemical toxicology. 2006; 44(2): 188-197.
41. Kubo I, Masuoka N, Ha TJ, Tsujimoto K. Antioxidant activity of anacardic acids. Food Chem. 2006; 99: 555-562.
2. Joseph KT. Cashew nut. A valuable nutritive food product. Indian Cashew J. 1975; 10:5-6.
3. Pillai CKS, Prasad VS, Sudha JS, Bora SC, Menon AAR. Polymeric resins from renewable resources. J. Applied Sci. 1990; 4:2487-2501.
4. Rodrigues FHA, Feitosa JPA, Ricardo NMPS, de Franca FCF, Carioca JOB. Antioxidant activity of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) derivatives on the thermal oxidation of synthetic cis-1, 4-polyisoprene. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society 2006; 17: 265-271.
5. Miraliakbari H, Shahidi F. Antioxidant activity of minor components of tree nut oils. Food Chem. 2008; 111:421-427.
6. Ojezele MO, Agunbiade S. Phytochemical constituents and medicinal properties of different extracts of Anacardium occidentale and Psidum guajava. Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2013; 3 (16): 20-23.
7. Paramashivappa R, Phanikumar NP, Vithayathil PJ, Sreenivasa RA. Novel method for isolation of major phenolic constituents from cashew (Anacardium ocidentale L.) nut shell liquid. J. Agri. Food Chem. 2003; 149: 2251-2548.
8. Goncalves JLS, Lopes RC, Oliveira DB, Costa SS, Miranda MMFS, Romanos MTV, Santos NSO, Wigg MD. In vitro anti-rotavirus activity of some medicinal plants used in Brazil against diarrhea. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 99(3): 403-407.
9. Schmourlo G, Mendonça-Filho RR, Alviano CS, Costa SS. Screening of antifungal agents using ethanol precipitation and bioautography of medicinal and food plants. J. Ethnopharm. 2005; 96: 563-568.
10. Abas F, Lajis N, Israf D, Khozirah S, UmiKalsom Y. Antioxidant and nitric oxide inhibition activities of selected Malay traditional vegetables. Food Chemistry 2006; 95(4): 566–573.
11. Singleton VL, Orthofer R, Lamuela-Raventos RM. Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidant by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Method. Enzymol.1999; 299:152-178.
12. Menon ARR, Pillai CKS, Sudha JD, Mathew AG. Cashew nut shell liquids, its polymeric and other industrial products. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 1985; 44: 324-338.
13. Parsaeimehr A, Sargsyan E, Javidnia K. A Comparative Study of the Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antioxidant Activity and Total Content of Phenolic Compounds of Cell Cultures and Wild Plants of Three Endemic Species of Ephedra. Molecules 2010; 15(3): 1668-1678.
14. Krishna MS, Nair J. Antibacterial, Cytotoxic and Antioxidant potential of Different Extracts from Leaf, Bark and Wood of Tectona grandis. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Drug Res. 2010; 2(2):155-158.
15. Kornsteiner M, Wagner K, Elmadfa I. Tocopherols and total phenolics in 10 different nut types. Food Chemistry 2006; 98(2): 381–387.
16. Runnie I, Salleh MN, Mohammed S, Head R, Abeywardena M. Vasorelaxation induced by common edible tropical plant extracts in isolated rat aorta and mesenteric vascular bed. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2004; 92(3): 311-316.
17. Murashige T, Skoog F.A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures.Physiol. Plant 1962; 15: 473- 497
18. Kumarasamy Y, Byres M , Cox PJ, Jasapars M, Nahar L, Sarker SD. Screening seeds of some Scottish plants for free radical scavenging activity. Phytother.Res. 2007; 21: 615-621.
19. James O, Nnacheta OP. Comparative antioxidant capacity, membrane stabilization, polyphenol composition and cytotoxicity of the leaf and stem of Cissus multistriata. African J. Biotech. 2008; 7(17): 3129-33.
20. Alzoreky NS, Nakahara K. Antibacterial activity of extracts from some edible plants commonly consumed in Asia. Int. J. Food. Microbiol. 2003; 80: 223-230.
21. Bauer AW, Kirby WMM, Sherris JC, Turck M. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by standardized single disc method. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1996; 36: 493- 496.
22. Kembo J, Hornung R. Initiation of callus in cashew nut, Anacardium occidentale L. from plumular and cotyledonary tissue excised from mature nuts. In the Proceedings of the 1999 Deutscher Tropentag, Session: Sustainable Technology Development in Crop Production, 1999, pp. 1-10.
23. D’Silva I. Micropropagation of Alianthus and Anacardium occidentale L. through tissue culture, PhD Thesis, Mangalore Univ., India, 1991.
24. Chandrasekara N, Shahidi F. Effect of Roasting on Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activities of Whole Cashew Nuts, Kernels, and Testa. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2011; 59 (9): 5006-5014.
25. Marc A, Didier K, Tetchi A, Achille F, N’Guessan Georges A. Phenolic profile of cashew apple juice (Anacardium occidentale L.) from Yamoussoukro and Korhogo. Journal of Applied Biosciences 2012; 49: 3331-3338.
26. Jaiswal YS, Tatke PA, Gabhe S, Vaidya A. Antioxidant activity of various extracts of leaves of Anacardium occidentale (Cashew). Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences 2010; 1(4):112-119.
27. Nugroho AE, Malik A, Pramono S. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and in vitro anti hypertension activity of purified extract of Indonesian cashew leaves (Anacardium occidentale L.). International Food Research Journal 2013; 20(1): 299-305.
28. Sahoo K, Atish, Nisha Narayanan, Sahana S, Rajan SS, Pulok K, Mukherjee. In Vitro Antioxidant Potential of Semecarpus anacardium L. Pharmacology online 2008; 3: 327-335.
29. Mokhtar NM, Kanthimathi MS, Azlina Abdul Aziz. Comparisons between the Antioxidant Activities of the Extracts of Anacardium occidentale and Piper betle. Malaysian Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2008; 16(1): 16-21.
30. Huang D, Ou B, Prior RL. The chemistry behind antioxidant capacity assays. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005; 53:1841-1856.
31. Borneo R, Leόn EA, Aguirre A, Ribotta P, Cantero JJ. Antioxidant capacity of medicinal plants from the Province of Cordoba (Argentina) and their in vitro testing in model food system. Food Chem. 2008; 112: 664-670.
32. Jaiswal Y, Tatke P, Gabhe S, Vaidya A. Effect of Various Drying Methods on Antioxidant Activity and Catechin Content of Cashew Leaves. Int J Adv Pharm Biol Sci. 2012; 2(2):176-182.
33. Tan YP, Chiang Chan EW. Antioxidant, antityrosinase and antibacterial properties of fresh and processed leaves of Anacardium occidentale and Piper betle. Food Bioscience. 2014; 6:17-23.
34. Chbisika K, Sina H, Adoukonu SH, Ahoton LE, Roko GO, Saidou A, Adeoti K, Ahanchede A, Baba Moussa L. Antimicrobial activity of Anacardium occidentale L. leaves and barks extracts on pathogenic bacteria. African journal of microbiology research. 2014; 8(25): 2458-2467.
35. Varghese J, Vijay KT, Balla V, Giliyar SB. Antimicrobial effect of Anacardium occidentale leaf extract against pathogens causing periodontal disease. Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology.2013; 4: 15-18.
36. Chunthanom P, Chaikham P, Intaket R. Biochemical and antibacterial properties of Thai medicine herbal infusions. International food research journal 2013; 20(4):1901-1907.
37. Agedah CE, Bawo DDS, Nyananyo BL. Identification of antimicrobial properties of cashew, Anacardium occidentale L. (Family Anacardiaceae). J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. 2010; 14 (3):25-27.
38. Harish CA, Vijay KP. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC): A modern analytical tool for biological analysis. Nature and Science. 2010; 8(10):58-61.
39. Praveen Kumar SN, Bhadre Gowda DG, Vathsala Deepu C, Mantelingu K, Rangappa KS. Development and validation of a normal phase HPLC method for separation of anacardic acid isomers in cashew nut shell liquid. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research. 2013; 5(5):369-373.
40. Trevisan MTS, Pfundstein B, Haubner R, Wurtele G, Spiegelhalder B, Bartsch H, Owen RW. Characterization of alkyl phenols in cashew (Anacardium occidentale) products and assay of their antioxidant capacity. Food and chemical toxicology. 2006; 44(2): 188-197.
41. Kubo I, Masuoka N, Ha TJ, Tsujimoto K. Antioxidant activity of anacardic acids. Food Chem. 2006; 99: 555-562.
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01-05-2015
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“PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION AND DETECTION OF ANACARDIC ACID IN CALLUS CULTURE AND VARIOUS PLANT PARTS OF ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 7, no. 3, May 2015, pp. 251-8, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2015.070305.
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“PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION AND DETECTION OF ANACARDIC ACID IN CALLUS CULTURE AND VARIOUS PLANT PARTS OF ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 7, no. 3, May 2015, pp. 251-8, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2015.070305.
