NEUROINFLAMMATION IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AND INVOLVEMENT OF INTERLEUKIN-1: A MECHANISTIC VIEW
Abstract
Ageing is a universal biological fact and a natural process. It begins from the day we are born, or perhaps even before. Of the world’s 580 million elderly, 77 million (22% of total) live in India. The increasing life expectancy of Indians, in the last decade, is likely to result in an increase in age-related disorders like Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease, the most common disorder of geriatric population, is a chronic, progressive, untreatable neurodegenerative disorder characterized by apraxia, aphasia, agnosia and severe cognitive deficits. Several behavioural changes like anxiety, hallucinations, depression and delusions are also experienced. Lot of progress has been made regarding understanding the pathological pathways involved, yet the available therapy only provide symptomatic relief but do not stop progression of disease. Several of key areas have been recognised and out of them inflammation has been regarded as inseparable and crucial factor involved. Interleukin-1 is a key molecule in systemic immune responses in health and disease and has analogous roles in the brain where it contributes to neuronal degeneration by energy dysfunction and triggering production of other cytokines, nitric oxide and others. IL-1 over expression is also associated with rheumatoid arthritis, vascular dementia, diabetes mellitus, periodontitis, systemic sclerosis, autoimmune encephalomyelitis and cerebral infarction. Present review is an effort to present IL-1 as potential therapeutic target in treatment of Alzheimer’s disease by linking it with several of pathological factors like amyloidβ, neurofibrillary tangles, neuron loss and cholinergic dysfunction.
Keywords:
Alzheimer’s disease, cytokine, interleukin-1, microglia.DOI
https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2011.030403References
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2. Samsam M. Role of Inflammation in Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 2010; 9:15-19.
3. Hebert LE et al. Alzheimer disease in the US population: prevalence estimates using the 2000 census. Arch Neurol. 2003; 60:119-1122.
4. Maier L. Neurobiological bases for Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurosci Nurs. 2000; 32: 117-125.
5. Kitazawa M, Tritia R, Yamasaki JK, Frank M. Microglia as a Potential Bridge between the Amyloidβ Peptide and Tau. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2004; 85-103.
6. Akiyama H, Barger S, Barnum S, Bradt B, Bauer J, Cole G M. Inflammation and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiology of Aging 2000; 383-421.
7. Glass CK, Saijo K, Winner B, Marchetto MC, Gage FH. Mechanisms underlying inflammation in neurodegeneration. Cell 2010; 918-34.
8. McNaull BB, Todd S, Mc Guinness B, Passmore AP. Inflammation and Anti-Inflammatory Strategies for Alzheimer's disease - A Mini-Review. Gerontology 2009; 56: 3-14.
9. Itagaki SP, McGeer L, Akiyama H, Zhu S, Selkoe D. Relationship of microglia and astrocytes to amyloid deposits of Alzheimer disease. J. Neuroimmunol. 1989; 173-182.
10. Mattiace LA, Davies P, Yen SH, Dickson DW. Microglia in cerebellar plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol. 1990; 493-498.
11. Dickson D, Lee WS, Mattiace L A, Yen SH, Brosman C. Microglia and cytokines in neurological disease with special reference to AIDS and Alzheimer's disease. Glia. 1993; 67:75-83.
12. McGeer PL, Rogers J. Anti-inflammatory agents as a therapeutic approach to Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 1992; 42:447- 449.
13. Ehab E, Tuppo Hugo R, Arias. The role of inflammation in Alzheimer’s disease. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 2005; 37: 289-305.
14. Hortega del rio P, El ‘tercer elemento’ de los centros nerviosos, Poder fagocitario y movilidad de la microglia. Bol Soc Esp Biol An. 1919; 9:154-166.
15. Hopkins SJ, Rothwell NJ. Cytokines and the nervous system I, expression and recognition. Trends in Neuroscience. 1995; 18: 83-88.
16. Lee YB, Nagai A, Kim SU. Cytokines, chemokines, and cytokine receptors in human microglia, Journal of Neuroscience Research. 2002; 69: 94-103.
17. Cohen RM. The Role of the Immune System in Alzheimer’s disease. Winter. 2009; 2:17-21.
18. Rainero I, Bo M, Ferrero M, Valfre W, Vaula G, Pinessi L. Association between the interleukin-1alpha gene and Alzheimer's disease, a meta-analysis. Neurobiol Aging. 2004; 25: 1293-1298.
19. Yucesoy B, Peila R, White LR, Wu KM, Johnson VJ, Kashon ML, Luster MI, Launer LJ. Association of interleukin-1 gene polymorphisms with dementia in a community-based sample, the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 27:211-217.
20. Lopez NJ, Jara L, Valenzuela CY. Association of interleukin-1 polymorphisms with periodontal disease. J Periodontol. 2005; 76: 234-243.
21. Kawaguchi Y. IL-1 alpha gene expression and protein production by fibroblasts from patients with systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol. 1994; 97: 445-450.
22. Sutton C, Brereton C, Keogh B, Mills KH, Lavelle EC. A crucial role for interleukin (IL)-1 in the induction of IL-17-producing T cells that mediate autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Exp Med. 2006; 203:1685-1691.
23. Um JY, Jeong HJ, Park RK, Hong SH, Kim HM. Aspects of gene polymorphisms in cerebral infarction, inflammatory cytokines. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2005; 62: 824-833.
24. Gery I, Waksman BH. Potentiation of the T-lymphocyte response to mitogens, II, The cellular source of potentiating mediator(s). J Exp Med. 1972; 136:143-155.
25. Vicenova B, Vopalensky V, Burysek M. Emerging Role of Interleukin-1 in Cardiovascular Diseases. Physiol Res. 2009; 58: 481-498.
26. Ferrari D, Chiozzi P, Falzoni S, Hanau S, Di virgilio F. Purinergic modulation of interleukin-1 beta release from microglial cells stimulated with bacterial endotoxin. J Exp Med. 1997; 185:579-582.
27. Pelegrin P, Surprenant A. Pannexin-1 mediates large pore formation and interleukin-:1beta release by the ATP gated P2X7 receptor. EMBO J. 2006; 25: 5071-5082.
28. Mandinova A, Soldi R, Graziani I, Bagala C, Bellum S, Landriscina M, Tarantini F, Prudovsky I, Maciag T. S100A13 mediates the copper-dependent stress-induced release of IL-1alpha from both human U937 and murine NIH 3T3 cells. J Cell Sci. 2003; 116: 2687-2696.
29. Nicklin MJ, Weith A, Duff GW. A physical map of the region encompassing the human interleukin-1 alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist genes. Genomics. 1994; 19:382-4,
30. Kornman KS. Interleukin 1 genetics, inflammatory mechanisms, and nutrigenetic opportunities to modulate diseases of aging. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 83:475S-83S,
31. Griffin WST, Stanley L, Ling C, White L, MacLeod V, Perrot LJ. Brain interleukin I and S-100 immunoreactivity are elevated in Down syndrome and Alzheimer disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 1989; 86:7611-7615.
32. Schneider H, Pitossi F, Balschun D, Wagner A, Del Rey A, Besedovsky HO. A neuromodulatory role of interleukin-1beta in the hippocampus. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 1998; 95: 7778-7783.
33. Murray CA, Lynch MA. Evidence that increased hippocampal expression of the cytokine interleukin-1 beta is a common trigger for age- and stress-induced impairments in long-term potentiation. J Neurosci. 1998; 18:2974-2981.
34. Griffin WST, Sheng JG, Roberts GW, Mrak RE. Interleukin-1 expression in different plaque types in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neuropath Exp Neurol. 1995; 54:276-281.
35. Mrak RE, Griffin WST. The role of activated astrocytes and of the neurotrophic cytokine S100B in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiology of Aging. 2001a; 22: 915–922.
36. Mrak RE, Griffin WST. Interleukin-1, neuroinflammation, and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiology of Aging. 2001b; 903-908.
37. Li R, ShenY, Yang BL, Lue LF, Finch C, Rogers J. Estrogen enhances uptake of amyloid beta-protein by microglia derived from the human cortex. Journal of Neurochemistry. 2000; 75: 1447-1454.
38. Li Y, Barger SW, Liu L, Mrak RE, Griffin WST. S100_ induction of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 in neurons, implications for Alzheimer pathogenesis. Journal of Neurochemistry. 2000; 74:143-150.
39. Sheng JG, Mrak RE, Griffin WST. Glial-neuronal interactions in Alzheimer disease, progressive association of IL-1alpha + microglia and S100beta + astrocytes with neurofibril neurofibrillary tangles stages. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 1997; 56:285-290.
40. Whitehouse PJ, Price DL, Clark AW, Coyle JT, DeLong MR. Alzheimer disease, evidence for selective loss of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis. Ann Neurol. 1981; 10:122-126.
41. Bartus RT, Dean RL, Beer B, Lippa AS. The cholinergic hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction. Science 1981; 217:408-417.
42. Flicker L. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. BMJ. 1999; 318: 615-6.
43. Salpeter M. Electron microscope radioautography as a quantitative tool in enzyme cytochemistry. The distribution of acetylcholinesterase at motor endplates of a vertebrate twitch muscle. J Cell Bio. 1967; 32: 379-389.
44. Hall ZW, Kelly RB. Enzymatic detachment of endplate acetylcholinesterase form muscle. Nat New Biol. 1971; 32:62-63.
45. Alvarez A, Opazo C, Alarcon R, Garrido J, Inestrosa NC. Acetylcholinesterase promotes the aggregation of amyloid-b-peptide fragments by forming a complex with the growing fibrils. J Mol Biol. 1971; 272:348-361.
46. Mori F, Lai C, Fusi F, Giacobini E. Cholinesterase inhibitors increase secretion of APPs in rat brain cortex. NeuroReport. 1995; 6:633-636.
47. Inestrosa NC, Alvarez A, Perez CA, Moreno RD, Vicente M, Linker C, Casanueva OI, Soto C, Garrido J. Acetylcholinesterase accelerate sassembly of amyloid-b-peptides into Alzheimer’s fibrils, possible role of the peripheral site of the enzyme. Neuron. 1996; 16: 881-891.
48. Li Y, Liu L, Kang J, Sheng JG, Barger SW, Mrak R E, Griffin WST. Neuronal-glial interactions mediated by interleukin-1 enhance neuronal acetylcholinesterase activity and mRNA expression. 2000; 20: 149-155.
49. Beeri R, Andres C, Lev-Lehman E, Timberg R, Huberman T, Shani M, Soreq H. Transgenic expression of human acetylcholinesterase induces progressive cognitive deterioration in mice. Curr Top Biol. 1995; 5:1063-1071.
50. Winkler J, Suhr ST, Gage FH, Thal LJ, Fisher LJ. Essential role of acetylcholine in spatial memor. Nature. 1995; 375:484-487.
51. Layer PG, Willbold E. Novel functions of cholinesterases in development, physiology and disease. Prog Histochem Cytochem. 1995; 29:1-99.
52. Sternfeld M, Ming GL, Song HJ, Sela K, Timberg R, Poo MM, Soreq H. Acetylcholinesterase enhances neurite growth and synapse development through alternative contributions of its hydrolytic capacity, core protein, and variable C termini. J Neurosci. 1998; 18:1240-1249.
53. Muller D, Wiegmann H, Langer U, Motzen-Lenz S, Nitsch RM. Lu 25–109, a combined m1 agonist and m2 antagonist, modulates regulated processing of the amyloid precursor protein of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neural Transm. 1998; 105:1029-1043.
54. Del Rey A, Besedovsky H. Interleukin-1 affects glucose homeostasis. Am J Physiol. 1987; 253:794-798.
55. Del Rey A, Besedovsky H. Antidiabetic effects of interleukin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1989; 86:5943-5947.
56. Del Rey A, Besedovsky HO. Metabolic and neuroendocrine effects of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Eur J Clin Invest. 1992; 22: 10-15.
57. Del Rey A, Monge‐Arditi G, Besedovsky HO.Central and peripheral mechanisms contribute to the hypoglycemia induced by interleukin‐1. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998; 840: 153-161.
58. Del Rey A, Monge‐Arditi G, Klusman I, Besedovsky HO. Metabolic and endocrine effects of interleukin‐1 in obese, diabetic Zucker fa/fa rats. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1996; 104: 317-326.
59. Braak H, Braak E, Strothjohann M. Abnormally phosphorylated tau protein related to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads in the cerebral cortex of sheep and goat. Neurosci Lett. 1994; 171:1-4.
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01-10-2011
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“NEUROINFLAMMATION IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AND INVOLVEMENT OF INTERLEUKIN-1: A MECHANISTIC VIEW”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 3, no. 4, Oct. 2011, pp. 287-91, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2011.030403.
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How to Cite
“NEUROINFLAMMATION IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AND INVOLVEMENT OF INTERLEUKIN-1: A MECHANISTIC VIEW”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 3, no. 4, Oct. 2011, pp. 287-91, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2011.030403.
