PROTECTIVE PROPERTIES OF FLAVONOID EXTRACT OF COAGULATED TOFU (CURDLED SOY MILK) AGAINST ACETAMINOPHEN-INDUCED LIVER INJURY IN RATS
Abstract
The total flavonoid contents of the various coagulated tofu and the hepatoprotective potential of all tofu flavonoid extracts were investigated. Tofu was prepared from locally sourced coagulants (steep water, alum, lemon, and lemon peel ash extract). Total flavonoid contents of all coagulated tofu were investigated as established in vitro flavonoid assay. The hepatoprotective activities of tofu flavonoid extracts against acetaminophen-induced hepatic cell toxicity in rats was also investigated in this study. The activity was analyzed by assessing the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The concentrations of the serum sugar, total protein, albumin, and cholesterol as well as prothrombin time (PT) of experimental rats with histopathological analysis were also conducted. The range of the total flavonoid contents of tofu was 4.3-6.4 mg/g. Tofu flavonoid extracts significantly reduced the activities of serum AST, ALT, ALP, and LDH; total cholesterol, and sugar levels, but total protein and albumin concentrations increased compared to acetaminophen-intoxicated rats. Also, the prothrombin time prolongation of serum in acetaminophen intoxicated rats was reduced. Histology of the liver tissue demonstrated that tofu flavonoid extracts inhibited the acetaminophen-induced hepatic cell necrosis, decreased inflammatory cell infiltration and accelerated hepatocellular regeneration. Therefore, all tofus exhibited high total flavonoid contents, and the tofu supplement in human diets is highly recommended as it can be used as a functional food to prevent liver injuries.
Keywords:
Acetaminophen, coagulant, flavonoid, hepatoprotection, tofuDOI
https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2016.080104References
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29. Oboh G. Coagulants modulate the hypocholesterolemic effect of tofu (coagulated soymilk). African Journal of Biotechnology 2006; 5(3): 290-294.
30. Sureshkumar SV, Mishra SH. Hepatoprotective activity of extracts from Pergularia daemia Forsk against carbon tetrachloride induced toxicity in rats. Pharmacognosy Mag. 2007; 3(11): 187–191.
31. Awang K. Milk Thistle. Canadian Pharmacists Journal 1993; 23: 749–754.
32. Clark R, Rake MO, Flute PT, Williams R. Coagulation abnormalities in acute liver failure: pathogenetic and therapeutic implications. Scand. Journal of Gastroenterology 1973; 19S: S63–S70.
33. Iniaghe DOM, Malomo SO, Adebayo JO, Arise RO. Evaluation of the antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties of the methanolic extract of Acalypha racemosa leaf in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats. African Journal of Biotechnology 2008; 7(11): 1716–1720.
2. Olaleye MT, Amobonye AE, Komolafe K, Akinmoladun AC. Protective effects of Parinari curatellifolia flavonoids against acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis in rats. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 2014; 21(5): 486-492.
3. Hinson JA, Roberts DW, James LP. Mechanisms of acetaminophen-induced liver necrosis. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 2010; 196: 369–405.
4. Pattanayak S, Nayak SS, Panda DP, Dinda SC, Shende V, Jadav A. Hepatoprotective activity of crude flavonoids extract of Cajanus scarabaeoides (l) in paracetamol intoxicated albino rats. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research 2011; 1 (1): 22–27.
5. Yakubu N, Oboh G, Amuzat AO. Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Properties of Tofu (Curdle Soy milk) against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Damage in Rats. Biotechnology. Research International 2013; 2013: 1-7.
6. Rekha CR, Vijayalakshmi G. Influence of natural coagulants on isoflavones and antioxidant activity of tofu. Journal of Food Sciences and Technology 2010; 47(4): 387–393.
7. Wu ML, Ju-C, C, Yu-H L, Sung-L C, RobinYY. Enhancement of Tofu isoflavone recovery by pretreatment of soy milk with Koji enzyme extract. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2004; 52: 4785–4790.
8. Oboh G, Ekperigin MM, Akindahunsi AA. Coagulants modulate the antioxidant properties and hypocholesterolemic effect of tofu (Curdled soymilk). Nutrition and Health 2007; 18:369-381.
9. Subramanian S, Stacey G, Yu O. Distinct, crucial roles of flavonoids during legume nodulation. Trends of Physical Sciences 2007; l (12):282-285.
10. Semalty A, Semalty M, Singh D, Rawat MSM. Preparation and characterization of phospholipid complexes of naringenin for effective drug delivery. Journal of Incl Phen Macrocyclic Chemistry 2010; 67:253-260.
11. Yang J, Lin H, Mau J. Antioxidant properties of several commercial mushrooms. Food Chemistry 2002; 77: 229-235.
12. Alfa M, Horcajo C, Bravo Goya, LL. Effect of grape antioxidant dietary fiber on the total antioxidant capacity and the activity of liver antioxidant enzymes in rats. Nutritional. Research 2003; 23(9): 1251-1267.
13. Seifried HE, Anderson DE, Fisher EI, Miller JA. A review of the interaction among dietary antioxidants and reactive oxygen species. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 2007; 18: 567-579.
14. Tapas AR, Sakarkar DM, Kakde RB. Flavonoids as nutraceuticals: a review. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2008; 7 (3):1089–1099.
15. NIH Publication, no. 85-23. Respect for life, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-NIEHS 1985; http://www.niehs.nih.gov/.
16. AOAC. Official methods of analysis, 15th edn, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC 1990.
17. Komolafe K, Akinmoladun AC, Olaleye MT. Methanolic leaf extract of Parkia biglobosa protects against doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity in rats. International Journal of Applied Research and Natural Production 2013; 6 (3): 39-47.
18. Marinova D, Ribarova F, Atanassova M. Total phenolic and total flavonoids in Buldarian fruits and vegetables. Journal of Universal Chemical and Technological Materials 2005; 40: 255-260.
19. El-Olemy MM, Al-Muhtadi FJ, Afifi AA, Quantitative analysis of glycosides. In: Experimental Phytochemistry: A Laboratory Manual. King Saud University Press, Riyadh 1994, pp. 43–46.
20. Semeon OA. Haematological Characteristics of Clarias gariepinus (Buchell, 1822) Juveniles Fed on Poultry Hatchery Waste. American-Eurasian Journal. Toxicological Sciences 2010; 2(4):190–195.
21. Obek H, Ugras S, Bayram I, Uygan I, Erdogan E, Abdurrahman Ã, Huyut Z. Hepatoprotective effect of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil: A carbon-tetrachloride induced liver fibrosis model in rats. Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Sciences 2004; 31(1):9-17.
22. Kuppan N, Kwan YP, Lachimanan YL, Subramanion LJ, Ibrahim D, Yeng CAC, Sreenivasan S. Evaluation of hepatoprotective effect of methanolic extract of Clitoria ternatea (Linn.) flower against acetaminophen-induced liver damage. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Diseases 2013; 3(4): 314-319.
23. Huang B, Ban X, He J, Tong J, Tian J, Wang YW. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of edible lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) leaves. Food Chemistry 2010; 120: 873-878.
24. Sturgill MG, Lambert GH. Xenobiotic-induced hepatotoxicity: mechanisms of liver injury and methods of monitoring hepatic function. Clinical. Chemistry 1997; 43(8): 1512-1526.
25. Eriksson LS, Broome U, Kalin M, Lindholm M. Hepatotoxicity due to repeated intake of low doses of paracetamol. Journal of International Medicine 1992; 231(5): 567-570.
26. Sai K, Takagi A, Umemura T, Kurokawa Y. Toxicology. Journal of Environmental. Pathology 1992; 11: 139–143.
27. Kumar AA. Review of hepatoprotective herbal drugs. International Journal Research and Pharmaceutical Chemistry 2012; 2 (1):92-102.
28. Anderson and T, Theron AJ. Antioxidant and tissue protective function of ascorbic acid. World Review and Nutritional Diabetes1990; 62:37-38.
29. Oboh G. Coagulants modulate the hypocholesterolemic effect of tofu (coagulated soymilk). African Journal of Biotechnology 2006; 5(3): 290-294.
30. Sureshkumar SV, Mishra SH. Hepatoprotective activity of extracts from Pergularia daemia Forsk against carbon tetrachloride induced toxicity in rats. Pharmacognosy Mag. 2007; 3(11): 187–191.
31. Awang K. Milk Thistle. Canadian Pharmacists Journal 1993; 23: 749–754.
32. Clark R, Rake MO, Flute PT, Williams R. Coagulation abnormalities in acute liver failure: pathogenetic and therapeutic implications. Scand. Journal of Gastroenterology 1973; 19S: S63–S70.
33. Iniaghe DOM, Malomo SO, Adebayo JO, Arise RO. Evaluation of the antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties of the methanolic extract of Acalypha racemosa leaf in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats. African Journal of Biotechnology 2008; 7(11): 1716–1720.
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01-01-2016
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“PROTECTIVE PROPERTIES OF FLAVONOID EXTRACT OF COAGULATED TOFU (CURDLED SOY MILK) AGAINST ACETAMINOPHEN-INDUCED LIVER INJURY IN RATS”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 8, no. 1, Jan. 2016, pp. 21-29, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2016.080104.
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How to Cite
“PROTECTIVE PROPERTIES OF FLAVONOID EXTRACT OF COAGULATED TOFU (CURDLED SOY MILK) AGAINST ACETAMINOPHEN-INDUCED LIVER INJURY IN RATS”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 8, no. 1, Jan. 2016, pp. 21-29, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2016.080104.
