CONVOLVULUS PLURICAULIS AS A COGNITION BOOSTER: RELEVANCE TO ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
Abstract
The herbal medicinal plant, Convolvulus pluricaulis: a rasayana drug has been primarily advocated for use in mental stimulation and rejuvenation therapy. In ancient systems of Indian medicine, Ayurveda, the plant is also known by the name Shankhpushpi and has been shown to act as a prominent memory improving drug, a psychostimulant and tranquiliser. The plant displays its biological activity due to the presence of several alkaloids, flavanoids and coumarins as active chemicals. Previous reports by us and others have demonstrated beneficial effect of extracts of this plant in an in-vitro and in-vivo models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Justification of its potential for an ancient brain tonic has been provided recently by clinical studies on polyherbal formulation of this plant. This review attempts to compile information on Convolvulus Pluricaulis in order to establish this herbal drug as a potent natural therapeutic agent to combat AD related symptoms.
Keywords:
Alzheimer’s disease, Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors, Amyloid beta, Convolvulus pluricaulisDOI
https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2016.080201References
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3. Ballard C, Gauthier S, Corbett A, Brayne C, Aarsland D, Jones E. Alzheimer's disease. Lancet. 2011; 377(9770):1019-31.
4. Selkoe DJ. Cell biology of the amyloid beta-protein precursor and the mechanism of Alzheimer's disease. Annu Rev Cell Biol. 1994; 10:373-403.
5. Ferri CP, Prince M, Brayne C, Brodaty H, Fratiglioni L, Ganguli M, et al. Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. Lancet. 2005; 366(9503):2112-7.
6. Tanzi RE, Bertram L. Alzheimer's disease: The latest suspect. Nature. 2008; 454(7205):706-8.
7. Selkoe DJ. Amyloid protein and Alzheimer's disease. Sci Am. 1991; 265(5):68-71, 4-6, 8.
8. Liddell MB, Lovestone S, Owen MJ. Genetic risk of Alzheimer's disease: advising relatives. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science. 2001; 178(1):7-11.
9. Coyle JT, Puttfarcken P. Oxidative stress, glutamate, and neurodegenerative disorders. Science. 1993; 262(5134):689-95.
10. Blokland A. Acetylcholine: a neurotransmitter for learning and memory? Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1995; 21(3):285-300.
11. Mehta M, Adem A, Sabbagh M. New acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. Int J Alzheimers Dis. 2012; 2012:728983.
12. Weinstock M. The pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease based on the cholinergic hypothesis: an update. Neurodegeneration. 1995; 4(4):349-56.
13. Dahanukar SA, Thatte UM. Current status of ayurveda in phytomedicine. Phytomedicine. 1997; 4(4):359-68.
14. Perry EK, Pickering AT, Wang WW, Houghton PJ, Perry NS. Medicinal plants and Alzheimer's disease: from ethnobotany to phytotherapy. The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology. 1999; 51(5):527-34.
15. Howes MJ, Perry NS, Houghton PJ. Plants with traditional uses and activities, relevant to the management of Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders. Phytotherapy research : PTR. 2003; 17(1):1-18.
16. Dandiya PC, Gupta BD, Gupta ML. A comparative effect of central nervous system acting drugs on the open field performance in rats. Indian J Med Res. 1970; 58(4):487-94.
17. Barar FS, Sharma VN. Preliminary pharmacological studies on Convolvulus pluricaulis chois-an Indian indigenous herb. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1965; 9(2):99-102.
18. Agarwa P, Sharma B, Fatima A, Jain SK. An update on Ayurvedic herb Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy. Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine. 2014; 4(3):245-52.
19. Kasa P, Rakonczay Z, Gulya K. The cholinergic system in Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol. 1997; 52(6):511-35.
20. Wenk GL. Neuropathologic changes in Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003; 64 Suppl 9:7-10.
21. Whitehouse PJ, Price DL, Clark AW, Coyle JT, DeLong MR. Alzheimer disease: evidence for selective loss of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis. Ann Neurol. 1981; 10(2):122-6.
22. Coyle JT, Price DL, DeLong MR. Alzheimer's disease: a disorder of cortical cholinergic innervation. Science. 1983; 219(4589):1184-90.
23. Drachman DA. Memory and cognitive function in man: does the cholinergic system have a specific role? Neurology. 1977; 27(8):783-90.
24. Schliebs R. Basal forebrain cholinergic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease-interrelationship with beta-amyloid, inflammation and neurotrophin signaling. Neurochem Res. 2005; 30(6-7):895-908.
25. Tagliavini F, Giaccone G, Frangione B, Bugiani O. Preamyloid deposits in the cerebral cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease and nondemented individuals. Neurosci Lett. 1988; 93(2-3):191-6.
26. Inestrosa NC, Alarcon R, Arriagada J, Donoso A, Alvarez J, Campos EO. Blood markers in Alzheimer disease: subnormal acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in lymphocytes and erythrocytes. J Neurol Sci. 1994; 122(1):1-5.
27. Dinamarca MC, Sagal JP, Quintanilla RA, Godoy JA, Arrazola MS, Inestrosa NC. Amyloid-beta-Acetylcholinesterase complexes potentiate neurodegenerative changes induced by the Abeta peptide. Implications for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener. 2010; 5:4.
28. Chatonnet A, Lockridge O. Comparison of butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase. Biochem J. 1989; 260(3):625-34.
29. Silveyra MX, Garcia-Ayllon MS, de Barreda EG, Small DH, Martinez S, Avila J, et al. Altered expression of brain acetylcholinesterase in FTDP-17 human tau transgenic mice. Neurobiol Aging. 2012; 33(3):624 e23-34.
30. Garcia-Ayllon MS, Small DH, Avila J, Saez-Valero J. Revisiting the Role of Acetylcholinesterase in Alzheimer's Disease: Cross-Talk with P-tau and beta-Amyloid. Front Mol Neurosci. 2011; 4:22.
31. Bihaqi SW, Singh AP, Tiwari M. Supplementation of Convolvulus pluricaulis attenuates scopolamine-induced increased tau and amyloid precursor protein (AbetaPP) expression in rat brain. Indian journal of pharmacology. 2012; 44(5):593-8.
32. Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM, Ames BN. Oxidative damage and mitochondrial decay in aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1994; 91(23):10771-8.
33. Wang X, Wang W, Li L, Perry G, Lee HG, Zhu X. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Biochimica et biophysica acta. 2014; 1842(8):1240-7.
34. Zhao Y, Zhao B. Oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2013; 2013:316523.
35. Kim TS, Pae CU, Yoon SJ, Jang WY, Lee NJ, Kim JJ, et al. Decreased plasma antioxidants in patients with Alzheimer's disease. International journal of geriatric psychiatry. 2006; 21(4):344-8.
36. Venkateshappa C, Harish G, Mahadevan A, Srinivas Bharath MM, Shankar SK. Elevated oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant function in the human hippocampus and frontal cortex with increasing age: implications for neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Res. 2012; 37(8):1601-14.
37. Torres LL, Quaglio NB, de Souza GT, Garcia RT, Dati LM, Moreira WL, et al. Peripheral oxidative stress biomarkers in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD. 2011; 26(1):59-68.
38. Kasarskis EJ, Ehmann WD, Markesbery WR. Trace metals in human neurodegenerative diseases. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1993; 380:299-310.
39. Bihaqi SW, Sharma M, Singh AP, Tiwari M. Neuroprotective role of Convolvulus pluricaulis on aluminium induced neurotoxicity in rat brain. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2009; 124(3):409-15.
40. Mattson MP, Lovell MA, Furukawa K, Markesbery WR. Neurotrophic factors attenuate glutamate-induced accumulation of peroxides, elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and neurotoxicity and increase antioxidant enzyme activities in hippocampal neurons. J Neurochem. 1995; 65(4):1740-51.
41. Behl C, Davis JB, Lesley R, Schubert D. Hydrogen peroxide mediates amyloid beta protein toxicity. Cell. 1994; 77(6):817-27.
42. Bullock R. New drugs for Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science. 2002; 180:135-9.
43. Yu Q, Holloway HW, Utsuki T, Brossi A, Greig NH. Synthesis of novel phenserine-based-selective inhibitors of butyrylcholinesterase for Alzheimer's disease. Journal of medicinal chemistry. 1999; 42(10):1855-61.
44. Liston DR, Nielsen JA, Villalobos A, Chapin D, Jones SB, Hubbard ST, et al. Pharmacology of selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: implications for use in Alzheimer's disease. European journal of pharmacology. 2004; 486(1):9-17.
45. Manyam BV. Dementia in Ayurveda. J Altern Complement Med. 1999; 5(1):81-8.
46. Mishra LC, Singh BB, Dagenais S. Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha): a review. Altern Med Rev. 2000; 5(4):334-46.
47. Malik J, Karan M, Vasisht K. Nootropic, anxiolytic and CNS-depressant studies on different plant sources of shankhpushpi. Pharmaceutical biology. 2011; 49(12):1234-42.
48. Sethiya NK, Nahata A, Mishra SH, Dixit VK. An update on Shankhpushpi, a cognition-boosting Ayurvedic medicine. Journal of Chinese integrative medicine. 2009; 7(11):1001-22.
49. Bihaqi SW, Singh AP, Tiwari M. In vivo investigation of the neuroprotective property of Convolvulus pluricaulis in scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in Wistar rats. Indian journal of pharmacology. 2011; 43(5):520-5.
50. Mathew M, Subramanian S. Evaluation of the anti-amyloidogenic potential of nootropic herbal extracts in vitro. International journal of Pharmaceutical scince and research. 2012; 3(11): 4276-4280
51. Kaur M, Prakash A, Kalia AN. Neuroprotective potential of antioxidant potent fractions from Convolvulus pluricaulis Chois. in 3-nitropropionic acid challenged rats. Nutr Neurosci. 2015.
52. Malik J, Choudhary S, Kumar P. Protective effect of Convolvulus pluricaulis standardized extract and its fractions against 3-nitropropionic acid-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Pharmaceutical biology. 2015; 53(10):1448-57.
53. Malik J, Munjal K, Deshmukh R. Attenuating effect of standardized lyophilized Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark extract against streptozotocin-induced experimental dementia of Alzheimer's type. Journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology. 2015; 26(3):275-85.
54. Malik J, Karan M, Vasisht K. Attenuating effect of bioactive coumarins from Convolvulus pluricaulis on scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice. Natural product research. 2015; 1-5.
55. Calapai G. European legislation on herbal medicines: a look into the future. Drug Saf. 2008; 31(5):428-31.
56. Bhutani KK, Gohil VM. Natural products drug discovery research in India: status and appraisal. Indian J Exp Biol. 2010; 48(3):199-207.
57. Tripathi YB. Molecular approach to ayurveda. Indian J Exp Biol. 2000; 38(5):409-14.
58. Rao RV, Descamps O, John V, Bredesen DE. Ayurvedic medicinal plants for Alzheimer's disease: a review. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2012; 4(3):22.
59. Kim HG, Oh MS. Herbal medicines for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Pharm Des. 2012; 18(1):57-75.
60. Saraf MK, Prabhakar S, Khanduja KL, Anand A. Bacopa monniera Attenuates Scopolamine-Induced Impairment of Spatial Memory in Mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011; 2011:236186.
61. Tiwari S, Singh A. Toxic and sub-lethal effects of oleandrin on biochemical parameters of fresh water air breathing murrel, Channa punctatus (Bloch.). Indian J Exp Biol. 2004; 42(4):413-8.
62. Pal SK, Shukla Y. Herbal medicine: current status and the future. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2003; 4(4):281-8.
2. Itua I, Naderali EK. Review: omega-3 and memory function: to eat or not to eat. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2010; 25(6):479-82.
3. Ballard C, Gauthier S, Corbett A, Brayne C, Aarsland D, Jones E. Alzheimer's disease. Lancet. 2011; 377(9770):1019-31.
4. Selkoe DJ. Cell biology of the amyloid beta-protein precursor and the mechanism of Alzheimer's disease. Annu Rev Cell Biol. 1994; 10:373-403.
5. Ferri CP, Prince M, Brayne C, Brodaty H, Fratiglioni L, Ganguli M, et al. Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. Lancet. 2005; 366(9503):2112-7.
6. Tanzi RE, Bertram L. Alzheimer's disease: The latest suspect. Nature. 2008; 454(7205):706-8.
7. Selkoe DJ. Amyloid protein and Alzheimer's disease. Sci Am. 1991; 265(5):68-71, 4-6, 8.
8. Liddell MB, Lovestone S, Owen MJ. Genetic risk of Alzheimer's disease: advising relatives. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science. 2001; 178(1):7-11.
9. Coyle JT, Puttfarcken P. Oxidative stress, glutamate, and neurodegenerative disorders. Science. 1993; 262(5134):689-95.
10. Blokland A. Acetylcholine: a neurotransmitter for learning and memory? Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1995; 21(3):285-300.
11. Mehta M, Adem A, Sabbagh M. New acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. Int J Alzheimers Dis. 2012; 2012:728983.
12. Weinstock M. The pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease based on the cholinergic hypothesis: an update. Neurodegeneration. 1995; 4(4):349-56.
13. Dahanukar SA, Thatte UM. Current status of ayurveda in phytomedicine. Phytomedicine. 1997; 4(4):359-68.
14. Perry EK, Pickering AT, Wang WW, Houghton PJ, Perry NS. Medicinal plants and Alzheimer's disease: from ethnobotany to phytotherapy. The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology. 1999; 51(5):527-34.
15. Howes MJ, Perry NS, Houghton PJ. Plants with traditional uses and activities, relevant to the management of Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders. Phytotherapy research : PTR. 2003; 17(1):1-18.
16. Dandiya PC, Gupta BD, Gupta ML. A comparative effect of central nervous system acting drugs on the open field performance in rats. Indian J Med Res. 1970; 58(4):487-94.
17. Barar FS, Sharma VN. Preliminary pharmacological studies on Convolvulus pluricaulis chois-an Indian indigenous herb. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1965; 9(2):99-102.
18. Agarwa P, Sharma B, Fatima A, Jain SK. An update on Ayurvedic herb Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy. Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine. 2014; 4(3):245-52.
19. Kasa P, Rakonczay Z, Gulya K. The cholinergic system in Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol. 1997; 52(6):511-35.
20. Wenk GL. Neuropathologic changes in Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003; 64 Suppl 9:7-10.
21. Whitehouse PJ, Price DL, Clark AW, Coyle JT, DeLong MR. Alzheimer disease: evidence for selective loss of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis. Ann Neurol. 1981; 10(2):122-6.
22. Coyle JT, Price DL, DeLong MR. Alzheimer's disease: a disorder of cortical cholinergic innervation. Science. 1983; 219(4589):1184-90.
23. Drachman DA. Memory and cognitive function in man: does the cholinergic system have a specific role? Neurology. 1977; 27(8):783-90.
24. Schliebs R. Basal forebrain cholinergic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease-interrelationship with beta-amyloid, inflammation and neurotrophin signaling. Neurochem Res. 2005; 30(6-7):895-908.
25. Tagliavini F, Giaccone G, Frangione B, Bugiani O. Preamyloid deposits in the cerebral cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease and nondemented individuals. Neurosci Lett. 1988; 93(2-3):191-6.
26. Inestrosa NC, Alarcon R, Arriagada J, Donoso A, Alvarez J, Campos EO. Blood markers in Alzheimer disease: subnormal acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in lymphocytes and erythrocytes. J Neurol Sci. 1994; 122(1):1-5.
27. Dinamarca MC, Sagal JP, Quintanilla RA, Godoy JA, Arrazola MS, Inestrosa NC. Amyloid-beta-Acetylcholinesterase complexes potentiate neurodegenerative changes induced by the Abeta peptide. Implications for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener. 2010; 5:4.
28. Chatonnet A, Lockridge O. Comparison of butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase. Biochem J. 1989; 260(3):625-34.
29. Silveyra MX, Garcia-Ayllon MS, de Barreda EG, Small DH, Martinez S, Avila J, et al. Altered expression of brain acetylcholinesterase in FTDP-17 human tau transgenic mice. Neurobiol Aging. 2012; 33(3):624 e23-34.
30. Garcia-Ayllon MS, Small DH, Avila J, Saez-Valero J. Revisiting the Role of Acetylcholinesterase in Alzheimer's Disease: Cross-Talk with P-tau and beta-Amyloid. Front Mol Neurosci. 2011; 4:22.
31. Bihaqi SW, Singh AP, Tiwari M. Supplementation of Convolvulus pluricaulis attenuates scopolamine-induced increased tau and amyloid precursor protein (AbetaPP) expression in rat brain. Indian journal of pharmacology. 2012; 44(5):593-8.
32. Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM, Ames BN. Oxidative damage and mitochondrial decay in aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1994; 91(23):10771-8.
33. Wang X, Wang W, Li L, Perry G, Lee HG, Zhu X. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Biochimica et biophysica acta. 2014; 1842(8):1240-7.
34. Zhao Y, Zhao B. Oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2013; 2013:316523.
35. Kim TS, Pae CU, Yoon SJ, Jang WY, Lee NJ, Kim JJ, et al. Decreased plasma antioxidants in patients with Alzheimer's disease. International journal of geriatric psychiatry. 2006; 21(4):344-8.
36. Venkateshappa C, Harish G, Mahadevan A, Srinivas Bharath MM, Shankar SK. Elevated oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant function in the human hippocampus and frontal cortex with increasing age: implications for neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Res. 2012; 37(8):1601-14.
37. Torres LL, Quaglio NB, de Souza GT, Garcia RT, Dati LM, Moreira WL, et al. Peripheral oxidative stress biomarkers in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD. 2011; 26(1):59-68.
38. Kasarskis EJ, Ehmann WD, Markesbery WR. Trace metals in human neurodegenerative diseases. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1993; 380:299-310.
39. Bihaqi SW, Sharma M, Singh AP, Tiwari M. Neuroprotective role of Convolvulus pluricaulis on aluminium induced neurotoxicity in rat brain. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2009; 124(3):409-15.
40. Mattson MP, Lovell MA, Furukawa K, Markesbery WR. Neurotrophic factors attenuate glutamate-induced accumulation of peroxides, elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and neurotoxicity and increase antioxidant enzyme activities in hippocampal neurons. J Neurochem. 1995; 65(4):1740-51.
41. Behl C, Davis JB, Lesley R, Schubert D. Hydrogen peroxide mediates amyloid beta protein toxicity. Cell. 1994; 77(6):817-27.
42. Bullock R. New drugs for Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science. 2002; 180:135-9.
43. Yu Q, Holloway HW, Utsuki T, Brossi A, Greig NH. Synthesis of novel phenserine-based-selective inhibitors of butyrylcholinesterase for Alzheimer's disease. Journal of medicinal chemistry. 1999; 42(10):1855-61.
44. Liston DR, Nielsen JA, Villalobos A, Chapin D, Jones SB, Hubbard ST, et al. Pharmacology of selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: implications for use in Alzheimer's disease. European journal of pharmacology. 2004; 486(1):9-17.
45. Manyam BV. Dementia in Ayurveda. J Altern Complement Med. 1999; 5(1):81-8.
46. Mishra LC, Singh BB, Dagenais S. Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha): a review. Altern Med Rev. 2000; 5(4):334-46.
47. Malik J, Karan M, Vasisht K. Nootropic, anxiolytic and CNS-depressant studies on different plant sources of shankhpushpi. Pharmaceutical biology. 2011; 49(12):1234-42.
48. Sethiya NK, Nahata A, Mishra SH, Dixit VK. An update on Shankhpushpi, a cognition-boosting Ayurvedic medicine. Journal of Chinese integrative medicine. 2009; 7(11):1001-22.
49. Bihaqi SW, Singh AP, Tiwari M. In vivo investigation of the neuroprotective property of Convolvulus pluricaulis in scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in Wistar rats. Indian journal of pharmacology. 2011; 43(5):520-5.
50. Mathew M, Subramanian S. Evaluation of the anti-amyloidogenic potential of nootropic herbal extracts in vitro. International journal of Pharmaceutical scince and research. 2012; 3(11): 4276-4280
51. Kaur M, Prakash A, Kalia AN. Neuroprotective potential of antioxidant potent fractions from Convolvulus pluricaulis Chois. in 3-nitropropionic acid challenged rats. Nutr Neurosci. 2015.
52. Malik J, Choudhary S, Kumar P. Protective effect of Convolvulus pluricaulis standardized extract and its fractions against 3-nitropropionic acid-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Pharmaceutical biology. 2015; 53(10):1448-57.
53. Malik J, Munjal K, Deshmukh R. Attenuating effect of standardized lyophilized Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark extract against streptozotocin-induced experimental dementia of Alzheimer's type. Journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology. 2015; 26(3):275-85.
54. Malik J, Karan M, Vasisht K. Attenuating effect of bioactive coumarins from Convolvulus pluricaulis on scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice. Natural product research. 2015; 1-5.
55. Calapai G. European legislation on herbal medicines: a look into the future. Drug Saf. 2008; 31(5):428-31.
56. Bhutani KK, Gohil VM. Natural products drug discovery research in India: status and appraisal. Indian J Exp Biol. 2010; 48(3):199-207.
57. Tripathi YB. Molecular approach to ayurveda. Indian J Exp Biol. 2000; 38(5):409-14.
58. Rao RV, Descamps O, John V, Bredesen DE. Ayurvedic medicinal plants for Alzheimer's disease: a review. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2012; 4(3):22.
59. Kim HG, Oh MS. Herbal medicines for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Pharm Des. 2012; 18(1):57-75.
60. Saraf MK, Prabhakar S, Khanduja KL, Anand A. Bacopa monniera Attenuates Scopolamine-Induced Impairment of Spatial Memory in Mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011; 2011:236186.
61. Tiwari S, Singh A. Toxic and sub-lethal effects of oleandrin on biochemical parameters of fresh water air breathing murrel, Channa punctatus (Bloch.). Indian J Exp Biol. 2004; 42(4):413-8.
62. Pal SK, Shukla Y. Herbal medicine: current status and the future. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2003; 4(4):281-8.
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01-03-2016
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“CONVOLVULUS PLURICAULIS AS A COGNITION BOOSTER: RELEVANCE TO ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 8, no. 2, Mar. 2016, pp. 68-74, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2016.080201.
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“CONVOLVULUS PLURICAULIS AS A COGNITION BOOSTER: RELEVANCE TO ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 8, no. 2, Mar. 2016, pp. 68-74, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2016.080201.
