ANTI-HEPATOTOXIC PROPERTY OF ROOTS AND LEAVES OF CHASSALIA CURVIFLORA (WALL.) THWAITES AGAINST CCL4 INDUCED LIVER DAMAGE IN RATS
Abstract
In the present study the roots and leaf ethanolic extracts of Chassalia curviflora were screened for their anti hepatotoxic and anti oxidant effects in experimentally induced liver injury by carbon tetra chloride. Liver serum marker enzymes as well as antioxidant enzymes mainly superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione levels were determined. The plant root and leaf ethanolic extracts at 50, 100, 200 mg concentrations significantly (**P ≤ 0.05) reduced the elevated serum hepato specific enzyme [serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum alkaline phosphatase (SAKP), serum bilirubin (SB)] and cholesterol levels induced by CCl4. Antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and non enzymatic reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were increased whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) level was reduced by the extracts. Compared to the leaf extract, root extract significantly reduced serum hepato parameters and increased the levels of anti-oxidant enzymes in a dose dependent manner. The results were comparable to that of silymarin, reference drug used for the study. The histopathological studies also supported the biochemical findings. Acute toxicity studies revealed that it is safe for pharmacological uses upto 2000mg/kg. The present study scientifically validated the traditional use of plant root in hepatoprotection.
Keywords:
Anti-hepatotoxic, Chassalia curviflora, CCl4 and silymarinDOI
https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2016.080506References
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12. Reitman S, Frankel S. Determination of Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate and glutamic pyruvic acid transaminases, Am. J. Clin. Pathol.1957; 28 (1): 56-63.
13. Kind PRN, King EJ. Estimation of plasma phosphatase by determination of hydrolysed phenol with amino-antipyrine, J. clin. Pathol. 1954; 7 (1): 322-326.
14. Jendrassik L, Grof P. Vereinfachte photometrisc Methode zur Bestimmung des Blut bilirubins. Biochem. Zeitschrift. 1938; 297 (4): 82-89.
15. Flegg HM. An investigation of the determination of serum cholesterol by an enzymatic method. Ann. Clin.1973; 10: 79-84.
16. Fong KL, McGay PB, Poyer JL. Evidence that peroxidation of lysosomal membrane is initiated by hydroxyl free radicals produced during flavine enzyme activity. J. Biol. Chem. 1973; 248:7792-7797.
17. Ellmann GL. Tissue sulphydral groups. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1959; 82(1): 70-77.
18. Kakkar P, Das B, Viswananthan BN. A modified sphectrophotometric assay of superoxide dismutase. Ind J Biochem Biophys. 1984; 21: 130-132.
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30. Karunakar H, Deepak TK, Kabitha KK. Hepatoprotective Potential of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Santalum album Linn. Leaves. Int J Phar Sci Drug Res.2014; 6(3)224-228.
31. Akram E, Pejman M, Maryam B, Jalal Z. Hepatoprotective effects of pantothenic acid on carbon tetra chloride induced toxicity in rats. EXCLI.2012; 11:748-759.
32. Slater TF. Biochemical mechanism of liver injury. Academic Press, New York, 1978, pp. 145-195.
33. Gouri Shankar NL, Manavalan R, Venkappaya D, David Raj C. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Commiphora berryi (Arn) Engl bark extract against carbontetra chloride induced oxidative damage in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008; 46: 3182-3185.
34. Latha B, Latha MS. Antioxidant and curative effect of Leucas aspera methanolic extract against carbon tetra chloride induced acute liver injury in rats. Int J of Pharm and Pharmace Sci.2013; 5:374-378.
35. Victor W, Rodwell. General properties of enzymes. In: Harper’s review of Biochemistry. Lange Medical Publications, 1981.
36. Recknagel O, Glende EA, Dolak JA, Waller RL. Mechanisms of carbon tetrachloride toxicity. Pharmacol Therapeu.1989; 43:139-154.
37. Weber LW, Boll M, Stampfl A. Hepatotoxicity and mechanism of action of haloalkanes: carbon tetrachloride as a toxicological model. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2003; 33:105-136.
38. Lin HM, Tseng HC, Wang CJ, Lin JJ, Lo CW, Chou FP. Hepatoprotective effects of Solanum nigrum Linn. extract against CCl4-induced oxidative damage in rats. Chem-Biol Interact. 2008; 171:283-293.
39. Suneetha B, Pavan Kumar P, Prasad KVSRG, Vidyadhara S, Sambasiva Rao KRS. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of Mimosa pudica roots against carbon tetra chloride induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Int J Pharma. 2011;1:46-53
40. Gawel S, Wardas M, Niedworok E, Wardas P. Malondialdehyde (MDA) as a lipid peroxidation marker. Wiad Lek. 2004; 57(9-10): 453-455.
41. Sumaira Sahreen, Muhammad Khan R, Rahmat Khan A. Hepatoprotective effects of methanol extract of Carissa opaca leaves on CCl4-induced damage in rat.BMC complementary and alternative medicine. 2011; 11:48.
42. Ai G, Liu Q, Hua W, Huang Z, Wang D. Hepatoprotective evaluation of the total flavonoid extracted from flowers of Abelmoschus manihot (L.) medic: In vitro and in vivo studies. J. Ethnopharmaco.2013; 143:794-802.
2. Anonymous. The Useful plants of India. Publications and Information Directorate Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. New Delhi, 1986.
3. Atiqur Rahman M, Uddin SB, Wilcock CC. Medicinal plants used by Chakma tribe in Hill Tracts district of Bangladesh. Indian J Trad Know. 2007; 6: 508-517.
4. Prakash JW, Anpin Raja RD, Asbin Anderson N, Christhudas Wiliams, Regini GS, Bensar et al., Ethnomedicinal plants used by Kani tribes of Agasthiyamalai biosphere reserve, southern Western Ghats. Indian J Trad Know.2008; 7:410-413.
5. Rajeswari Gopal G, Anuja GI, Latha PG, Muraleedharan D, Nair GM, Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of roots and leaves of Chassalia curviflora (Wall.) Thwaites (Psychotria curviflora Wall.). J Med Arom Plant Sci. 2013; 35(3-4): 159-167.
6. Ward FM, Daly MJ. Hepatic Disease. In: Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Walker R. Edwards C. Eds. Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1999, pp. 195-212.
7. Sharma B, Sharma UK. Hepatoprotective activity of some indigenous plants. Int. J. Pharm. Tech. Res. 2009; 1(4): 1330-1334.
8. Boyd W. Structure and functions in disease. Text book of Pathology. Edn 8, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1970, pp. 359-358.
9. Janardhanan K, Sandhya P, Usha S. Studies on the Hepatoprotective property of folklore medicinal plants of badagas in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Western Ghats- Phytochemistry and Antioxidant activity. International journal of ethnomedicine and pharmacological research, 2013; 1(2):129-131.
10. Shanmugam ST, Sathish Kumar K, Pannerselvam. Laboratory handbook on Biochemistry Published by Asoke K Ghosh. PHL learning PVT LTD. New Delhi, 2010.
11. Suja SR, Latha PG, Pushpangadan P, Rajasekharan S. Evaluation of hepatoprotective effect of Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook. against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in Wistar rats. J. Ethnopharmacol, 2004; 92(1):61-66.
12. Reitman S, Frankel S. Determination of Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate and glutamic pyruvic acid transaminases, Am. J. Clin. Pathol.1957; 28 (1): 56-63.
13. Kind PRN, King EJ. Estimation of plasma phosphatase by determination of hydrolysed phenol with amino-antipyrine, J. clin. Pathol. 1954; 7 (1): 322-326.
14. Jendrassik L, Grof P. Vereinfachte photometrisc Methode zur Bestimmung des Blut bilirubins. Biochem. Zeitschrift. 1938; 297 (4): 82-89.
15. Flegg HM. An investigation of the determination of serum cholesterol by an enzymatic method. Ann. Clin.1973; 10: 79-84.
16. Fong KL, McGay PB, Poyer JL. Evidence that peroxidation of lysosomal membrane is initiated by hydroxyl free radicals produced during flavine enzyme activity. J. Biol. Chem. 1973; 248:7792-7797.
17. Ellmann GL. Tissue sulphydral groups. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1959; 82(1): 70-77.
18. Kakkar P, Das B, Viswananthan BN. A modified sphectrophotometric assay of superoxide dismutase. Ind J Biochem Biophys. 1984; 21: 130-132.
19. Hans Ulrich, Bergmeyer. Methods in enzymatic analysis Academic Press, New York, 1963, pp. 885-886.
20. Lowry OH, Rosebrough NS, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem.1951; 93:265-275.
21. Snedecor GW, Cochran WG. Statistical Methods State University Press Iowa, 1980.
22. Rajendran DAR, Solomon J, Justsella WP, Johnson MA, Varaprasadham I. Antibacterial activity of selected ethno medical plants from South India. Asian Paci J Trop Medi. 2011; 375-378.
23. Angana Roy Chaudhury. Health Traditions of Kanis- ‘The people of the forest’. Heritage Amruth-A Magazine for Healthy Living the Natural Way. 2014; 10(6):17.
24. Ram V. Protective role of Indian medicinal plants against liver damage. The J Phyto pharma.2013; 2(3):1-3.
25. Bidhan Mahajon, Remadevi R. Folk Medicine for Yakrit Vikaara (Liver Disorder)-A Scientific Review. Int Ayu Med J. 2015; 3(6): 1828-1847
26. Sallie R, Tredger J M, William R. Drugs and the liver. Part I. Testing liver function. Biopharm Drug Disp.1991; 12:251-259.
27. Recknagel RO, EA. Glende, Jr AM Hruszkewycz. Free Radicals in Biology. Edited by W.A. Pryor. Vol. III. Academic Press, New York, 1977.
28. Recknagel RO. A new direction in the study of carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity. Life Sci.1983; 33: 401-408.
29. DeGroot H, Noll T. The crucial role of low steady state oxygen partial pressures in haloalkan free-radical mediated lipid peroxidation. Biochemical Pharmacology.1986; 35(1):15-19.
30. Karunakar H, Deepak TK, Kabitha KK. Hepatoprotective Potential of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Santalum album Linn. Leaves. Int J Phar Sci Drug Res.2014; 6(3)224-228.
31. Akram E, Pejman M, Maryam B, Jalal Z. Hepatoprotective effects of pantothenic acid on carbon tetra chloride induced toxicity in rats. EXCLI.2012; 11:748-759.
32. Slater TF. Biochemical mechanism of liver injury. Academic Press, New York, 1978, pp. 145-195.
33. Gouri Shankar NL, Manavalan R, Venkappaya D, David Raj C. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Commiphora berryi (Arn) Engl bark extract against carbontetra chloride induced oxidative damage in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008; 46: 3182-3185.
34. Latha B, Latha MS. Antioxidant and curative effect of Leucas aspera methanolic extract against carbon tetra chloride induced acute liver injury in rats. Int J of Pharm and Pharmace Sci.2013; 5:374-378.
35. Victor W, Rodwell. General properties of enzymes. In: Harper’s review of Biochemistry. Lange Medical Publications, 1981.
36. Recknagel O, Glende EA, Dolak JA, Waller RL. Mechanisms of carbon tetrachloride toxicity. Pharmacol Therapeu.1989; 43:139-154.
37. Weber LW, Boll M, Stampfl A. Hepatotoxicity and mechanism of action of haloalkanes: carbon tetrachloride as a toxicological model. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2003; 33:105-136.
38. Lin HM, Tseng HC, Wang CJ, Lin JJ, Lo CW, Chou FP. Hepatoprotective effects of Solanum nigrum Linn. extract against CCl4-induced oxidative damage in rats. Chem-Biol Interact. 2008; 171:283-293.
39. Suneetha B, Pavan Kumar P, Prasad KVSRG, Vidyadhara S, Sambasiva Rao KRS. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of Mimosa pudica roots against carbon tetra chloride induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Int J Pharma. 2011;1:46-53
40. Gawel S, Wardas M, Niedworok E, Wardas P. Malondialdehyde (MDA) as a lipid peroxidation marker. Wiad Lek. 2004; 57(9-10): 453-455.
41. Sumaira Sahreen, Muhammad Khan R, Rahmat Khan A. Hepatoprotective effects of methanol extract of Carissa opaca leaves on CCl4-induced damage in rat.BMC complementary and alternative medicine. 2011; 11:48.
42. Ai G, Liu Q, Hua W, Huang Z, Wang D. Hepatoprotective evaluation of the total flavonoid extracted from flowers of Abelmoschus manihot (L.) medic: In vitro and in vivo studies. J. Ethnopharmaco.2013; 143:794-802.
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01-09-2016
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“ANTI-HEPATOTOXIC PROPERTY OF ROOTS AND LEAVES OF CHASSALIA CURVIFLORA (WALL.) THWAITES AGAINST CCL4 INDUCED LIVER DAMAGE IN RATS”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 8, no. 5, Sept. 2016, pp. 269-74, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2016.080506.
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“ANTI-HEPATOTOXIC PROPERTY OF ROOTS AND LEAVES OF CHASSALIA CURVIFLORA (WALL.) THWAITES AGAINST CCL4 INDUCED LIVER DAMAGE IN RATS”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 8, no. 5, Sept. 2016, pp. 269-74, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2016.080506.
