PHARMACOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF MATRICARIA RECUTITA-A REVIEW
Abstract
Matricaria recutita, once it has been called as Marticaria chamomilla, Chamomilla recutita, and Chamomilum nobile family Asteraceae. The main constituents of this plant include the terpenoids α-bisabolol and its oxides and azulenes, including chamazulene. Matricaria recutita shows different pharmacological activities like anti-inflammatory, anti- cancer, treatment of stress and depression, anti-allergic etc. This review focuses on the detailed chemical constituents, pharmacological activities of different parts of this plant.
Keywords:
Marticaria chamomilla, terpenoids, chamazuleneDOI
https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2010.020102References
1. WHO Monograph on selected Medicinal plants: http://www.who.int/medicines/library/trm/medicinalplants/monographs.shtml.
2. Micromedex Healthcare Series: MICROMEDEX, Inc., Englewood, Colorado (Vol. 115 expires 3/2003)
3. Wald G., Brendler T. PDR for Herbal Medicines. 1st ed. Montville, (NJ) Medical Economics Company publishers; 1998. 07645-1742.
4. Crevin JK, philpott J.Herbal Medicine Past and Present. Vol. II Duke University Press; 1990.
5. European Pharmacopoeia. 5th ed. Strasbourg, France: European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines of the Council of Europe; 1996:1976-1977.
6. Pino JA, Bayat F, Marbot R, Aguero J. Essential oil of chamomile Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rausch. from Iran. J Essent Oil Res 2002; 14: 407-408.
7. Pino JA, Marbot R, Agiiero J, Fuentes V. Essential oil of chamomile Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rausch. from Cuba. J Essent Oil-Bear Plants 2000; 3: 1–3.
8. Mann C, Staba EJ. The chemistry, pharmacology, and commercial formulations of Chamomile. In Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, and Pharmacology Volume 1, Craker LE, Simon JE (eds). Oryx Press: Phoenix, 1986; 235–280.
9. Matos FJA, Machado MIL, Alencar JW, Craveiro AA. Constituents of Brazilian chamomile oil. J Essent Oil Res 1993; 5: 337–339.
10. Mimica-Dukic N, Lukic V, Pavkov R, Gasic O. Study of chemical composition and microbiological contamination of chamomile tea. Acta Hortic 1993; 333: 137–141.
11. Stanev S, Zheljazkov V, Janculoff Y. Variation of chemical compounds in the essential oil from some native forms of chamomile (Chamomilla recutita L.). Beitr Zuchtungsforschung 1996; 2: 214 – 217.
12. Ramadan M, Goeters S, Watzer B, Krause E, Lohmann K, Bauer R, Hempel B, Imming P. Chamazulene carboxylic acid and matricin: a natural profen and its natural prodrug, identified through similarity to synthetic drug substances. J Nat Prod. 2006; 69(7): 1041-5.
13. Yaguchi A, Yoshinari T, Tsuyuki R, Takahashi H, Nakajima T, Sugita-Konishi Y, Nagasawa H, Sakuda S. Isolation and identification of precocenes and piperitone from essential oils as specific inhibitors of trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearum. J Agric Food Chem. 2009; 57(3):846-51.
14. Yoshinari T, Yaguchi A, Takahashi-Ando N, Kimura M, Takahashi H, Nakajima T, Sugita-Konishi Y, Nagasawa H, Sakuda S. Spiroethers of German chamomile inhibit production of aflatoxin G and trichothecene mycotoxin by inhibiting cytochrome P450 monooxygenases involved in their biosynthesis. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2008; 284(2):184-90.
15. Yaguchi A, Yoshinari T, Tsuyuki R, Takahashi H, Nakajima T, Sugita-Konishi Y, Nagasawa H, Sakuda S. Isolation and identification of precocenes and piperitone from essential oils as specific inhibitors of trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearum. J Agric Food Chem. 2009; 57(3): 846-51.
16. Yoshinari T, Yaguchi A, Takahashi-Ando N, Kimura M, Takahashi H, Nakajima T, Sugita-Konishi Y, Nagasawa H, Sakuda S. Spiroethers of German chamomile inhibit production of aflatoxin G and trichothecene mycotoxin by inhibiting cytochrome P450 monooxygenases involved in their biosynthesis. FEMS Microbio Lett. 2008; 284(2):184-90.
17. Lis-Balchin M, Deans SG, Eaglesham E. Relationship between bioactivity and chemical composition of commercial essential oils. Flavour Fragrance J 1998; 13: 98 –104.
18. McKay DL, Blumberg JB. A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of chamomile tea (Matricaria recutita L.). Phytother Res. 2006; 20(7):519-30.
19. Evdokimoff V, Tacci Bucci B, Cavazzutti G. [Analytical study of chemazulene from essential oil of Matricaria chamomilla L]. Farmaco Prat 1972; 27(3):163-73.
20. Schenck G, KH. [Determination of oil and azulene content in Matricaria chamomilla in different stages of its blossom.]. Arch Pharm Ber Dtsch Pharm Ges 1956; 289(4): 200-03.
21. Redaelli C, Formentini L, Santaniello E. Evaluation of Coumarins and Dicycloethers in Matricaria chamomilla Flowers and Chamomile Extracts by Reverse-Phase HPLC. Planta Med. 1981; 42(6):130.
22. Padula LZ, Rondina RV, Coussio JD. Quantitative determination of essential oil, total azulenes and chamazulene in German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) cultivated in Argentina. Planta Med. 1976; 30(3):273-80.
23. Pietta P, Manera E, Ceva P. Simultaneous isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of flavones and coumarins in Matricaria chamonilla extracts. J Chramatogr. 1987; 404(1):279-81.
24. Fonseca FN, Tavares MF, Horvath C. Capillary electrochromatography of selected phenolic compounds of Chamomilla recutita. J Chramatogr A 2007; 1154(1-2):390-9.
25. Repcák M, Smajda B, Kovacik J, Eliasova A. Circadian rhythm of Z- and E-2-beta-D: -glucopyranosyloxy-4-methoxy cinnamic acids and herniarin in leaves of Matricaria chamomilla. Plant Cell Rep. 2009; 28(7):1137-43.
26. Redaelli C, Formentini L, Santaniello E. HPLC Determination of Coumarins in Matricaria chamomilla. Planta Med. 1981; 43(12):412-3.
27. Máday E, Szöke E, Muskáth Z, Lemberkovics E. A study of the production of essential oils in chamomile hairy root cultures. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 1999; 24(4):303-8.
28. Schilcher H, Novotny L, Ubik K, Motl O, Herout V. Structure of a third bisabololoxide from Matricaria chamomilla L (AUTHOR'S TRANSL) Arch Pharm (Weinheim). 1976; 309(3):189-96.
29. Viola H, Wasowski C, Levi de Stein M, Wolfman C, Silveira R, Dajas F, Medina JH, Paladini AC. Apigenin, a component of Matricaria recutita flowers, is a central benzodiazepine receptors-ligand with anxiolytic effects. Planta Med. 1995; 61(3):213-6.
30. Zanoli P, Avallone R, Baraldi M. Behavioral characterisation of the flavonoids apigenin and chrysin. Fitoterapia 2000; (71 Suppl 1): S117-23
31. Svehlikova V, Bennett RN, Mellon FA, Needs PW, Piacente S, Kroon PA, Bao Y. Isolation, identification and stability of acylated derivatives of apigenin 7-O-glucoside from chamomile (Chamomilla recutita [L.] Rauschert). Phytochemistry 2004; 65(16):2323-32.
32. Izumi S, Takashima O, Hirata T. Geraniol is a potent inducer of apoptosis-like cell death in the cultured shoot primordia of Matricaria chamomilla Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999; 259(3):519-22.
33. Ramadan M, Goeters S, Watzer B, Krause E, Lohmann K, Bauer R, Hempel B, Imming P. Chamazulene carboxylic acid and matricin: a natural profen and its natural prodrug, identified through similarity to synthetic drug substances. J Nat Prod. 2006; 69(7):1041-5.
34. Maier R, Carle R, Kreis W, Reinhard E. Purification and Characterization of a Flavone 7-O-Glucoside-Specific Glucosidase from Ligulate Florets of Chamomilla recutita. Planta Med. 1993; 59(5):436-41.
35. Shipochliev T, Dimitrov A, Aleksandrova E. Anti-inflammatory action of a group of plant extracts] Vet Med Nauki. 1981;18(6):87-94.
36. Al-Hindawi MK, Al-Deen IH, Nabi MH, Ismail MA. Anti-inflammatory activity of some Iraqi plants using intact rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1989; 26(2):163-8.
37. Uteshev BS, Laskova IL, Afanasev VA. [The immunomodulating activity of the heteropolysaccharides from German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) during air and immersion cooling Eksp Klin Farmakol 1999; 62(6):52-5.
38. Macchioni F, Perrucci S, Cecchi F, Cioni PL, Morelli I, Pampiglione S. Acaricidal activity of aqueous extracts of camomile flowers, Matricaria chamomilla, against the mite Psoroptes cuniculi Med Vet Entomol 2004; 18(2):205-7.
39. Cemek M, KaÄŸa S, SimÅŸek N, BüyükokuroÄŸlu ME, Konuk M. Antihyperglycemic and antioxidative potential of Matricaria chamomilla L. in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Nat Med (Tokyo). 2008; 62(3):284-93.
40. Srivastava JK, Gupta S. Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of chamomile extract in various human cancer cells. J Agric Food Chem. 2007; 55(23):9470-8.
41. Kobayashi Y, Takahashi R, Ogino F Antipruritic effect of the single oral administration of German chamomile flower extract and its combined effect with antiallergic agents in ddY mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 101(1-3):308-12.
42. Nayak BS, Raju SS, Rao AV. Wound healing activity of Matricaria recutita L. extract. J Wound Care. 2007; 16(7):298-302.
43. Jarrahi M. An experimental study of the effects of Matricaria chamomilla extract on cutaneous burn wound healing in albino rats. Nat Prod Res. 2008; 22(5):422-7.
44. Jarrahi M, Vafaei AA, Taherian AA, Miladi H, Rashidi Pour A. Evaluation of topical Matricaria chamomilla extracts activity on linear incisional wound healing in albino rats. Nat Prod Res. 2008; 22(14):1197-202.
45. Martins MD, Marques MM, Bussadori SK, Martins MA, Pavesi VC, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, Fernandes KP Comparative analysis between Chamomilla recutita and corticosteroids on wound healing. An in vitro and in vivo study. Phytother Res. 2009; 23(2):274-8.
46. Mazokopakis EE, Vrentzos GE, Papadakis JA, Babalis DE, Ganotakis ES. Wild chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) mouthwashes in methotrexate-induced oral mucositis. Phytomedicine 2005; 12(1-2):25-7.
47. Sadr Lahijani MS, Raoof Kateb HR, Heady R, Yazdani D. The effect of German chamomile (Marticaria recutita L.) extract and tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia L.) oil used as irrigants on removal of smear layer: a scanning electron microscopy study. Int Endod J 2006; 39(3):190-5.
48. Bianco MI, Lúquez C, de Jong LI, Fernández RA. Presence of Clostridium botulinum spores in Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile) and its relationship with infant botulism. Int J Food Microbio 2008; 121(3):357-60.
49. Khater HF, Ramadan MY, El-Madawy RS. Lousicidal, ovicidal and repellent efficacy of some essential oils against lice and flies infesting water buffaloes in Egypt. Vet Parasitol 2009.
50. Koch C, Reichling J, Schneele J, Schnitzler P. Inhibitory effect of essential oils against herpes simplex virus type 2. Phytomedicine 2008; 15(1-2):71-8.
51. Mahady GB, Pendland SL, Stoia A, Hamill FA, Fabricant D, Dietz BM, Chadwick LR. In vitro susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to botanical extracts used traditionally for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Phytother Res. 2005; 19(11):988-91.
52. Nogueira JC, Diniz Mde F, Lima EO. In vitro antimicrobial activity of plants in Acute Otitis Externa. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 74(1):118-24.
53. Khayyal MT, el-Ghazaly MA, Kenawy SA, Seif-el-Nasr M, Mahran LG, Kafafi YA, Okpanyi SN. Antiulcerogenic effect of some gastrointestinally acting plant extracts and their combination. Arzneimittelforschung 2001; 51(7):545-53.
54. Pinto SA, Bohland E, Coelho Cde P, Morgulis MS, Bonamin LV. An animal model for the study of Chamomilla in stress and depression: pilot study. Homeopathy. 2008; 97(3): 141-4
55. Shipochliev T. Uterotonic action of extracts from a group of medicinal plants]. Vet Med Nauki 1981; 18(4): 94-8.
56. Kobayashi Y, Nakano Y, Inayama K, Sakai A, Kamiya T. Dietary intake of the flower extracts of German chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) inhibited compound 48/80-induced itch-scratch responses in mice. Phytomedicine 2003; 10(8):657-64.
57. Ramos MF, Santos EP, Bizarri CH, Mattos HA, Padilha MR, Duarte HM. Preliminary studies towards utilization of various plant extracts as antisolar agents. Int J Cosmet Sci 1996; 18(3):87-101.
58. Vilaginès P, Delaveau P, Vilagines R. Inhibition of poliovirus replication by an extract of Matricaria chamomilla (L) C R Acad Sci III. 1985; 301(6):289-94.
59. Amsterdam JD, Li Y, Soeller I, Rockwell K, Mao JJ, Shults J. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral Matricaria recutita (chamomile) extract therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2009; 29(4):378-82.
60. Kassi E, Papoutsi Z, Fokialakis N, Messari I, Mitakou S, Moutsatsou P. Greek plant extracts exhibit selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)-like properties. J Agric Food Chem. 2004; 52(23):6956-61.
2. Micromedex Healthcare Series: MICROMEDEX, Inc., Englewood, Colorado (Vol. 115 expires 3/2003)
3. Wald G., Brendler T. PDR for Herbal Medicines. 1st ed. Montville, (NJ) Medical Economics Company publishers; 1998. 07645-1742.
4. Crevin JK, philpott J.Herbal Medicine Past and Present. Vol. II Duke University Press; 1990.
5. European Pharmacopoeia. 5th ed. Strasbourg, France: European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines of the Council of Europe; 1996:1976-1977.
6. Pino JA, Bayat F, Marbot R, Aguero J. Essential oil of chamomile Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rausch. from Iran. J Essent Oil Res 2002; 14: 407-408.
7. Pino JA, Marbot R, Agiiero J, Fuentes V. Essential oil of chamomile Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rausch. from Cuba. J Essent Oil-Bear Plants 2000; 3: 1–3.
8. Mann C, Staba EJ. The chemistry, pharmacology, and commercial formulations of Chamomile. In Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, and Pharmacology Volume 1, Craker LE, Simon JE (eds). Oryx Press: Phoenix, 1986; 235–280.
9. Matos FJA, Machado MIL, Alencar JW, Craveiro AA. Constituents of Brazilian chamomile oil. J Essent Oil Res 1993; 5: 337–339.
10. Mimica-Dukic N, Lukic V, Pavkov R, Gasic O. Study of chemical composition and microbiological contamination of chamomile tea. Acta Hortic 1993; 333: 137–141.
11. Stanev S, Zheljazkov V, Janculoff Y. Variation of chemical compounds in the essential oil from some native forms of chamomile (Chamomilla recutita L.). Beitr Zuchtungsforschung 1996; 2: 214 – 217.
12. Ramadan M, Goeters S, Watzer B, Krause E, Lohmann K, Bauer R, Hempel B, Imming P. Chamazulene carboxylic acid and matricin: a natural profen and its natural prodrug, identified through similarity to synthetic drug substances. J Nat Prod. 2006; 69(7): 1041-5.
13. Yaguchi A, Yoshinari T, Tsuyuki R, Takahashi H, Nakajima T, Sugita-Konishi Y, Nagasawa H, Sakuda S. Isolation and identification of precocenes and piperitone from essential oils as specific inhibitors of trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearum. J Agric Food Chem. 2009; 57(3):846-51.
14. Yoshinari T, Yaguchi A, Takahashi-Ando N, Kimura M, Takahashi H, Nakajima T, Sugita-Konishi Y, Nagasawa H, Sakuda S. Spiroethers of German chamomile inhibit production of aflatoxin G and trichothecene mycotoxin by inhibiting cytochrome P450 monooxygenases involved in their biosynthesis. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2008; 284(2):184-90.
15. Yaguchi A, Yoshinari T, Tsuyuki R, Takahashi H, Nakajima T, Sugita-Konishi Y, Nagasawa H, Sakuda S. Isolation and identification of precocenes and piperitone from essential oils as specific inhibitors of trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearum. J Agric Food Chem. 2009; 57(3): 846-51.
16. Yoshinari T, Yaguchi A, Takahashi-Ando N, Kimura M, Takahashi H, Nakajima T, Sugita-Konishi Y, Nagasawa H, Sakuda S. Spiroethers of German chamomile inhibit production of aflatoxin G and trichothecene mycotoxin by inhibiting cytochrome P450 monooxygenases involved in their biosynthesis. FEMS Microbio Lett. 2008; 284(2):184-90.
17. Lis-Balchin M, Deans SG, Eaglesham E. Relationship between bioactivity and chemical composition of commercial essential oils. Flavour Fragrance J 1998; 13: 98 –104.
18. McKay DL, Blumberg JB. A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of chamomile tea (Matricaria recutita L.). Phytother Res. 2006; 20(7):519-30.
19. Evdokimoff V, Tacci Bucci B, Cavazzutti G. [Analytical study of chemazulene from essential oil of Matricaria chamomilla L]. Farmaco Prat 1972; 27(3):163-73.
20. Schenck G, KH. [Determination of oil and azulene content in Matricaria chamomilla in different stages of its blossom.]. Arch Pharm Ber Dtsch Pharm Ges 1956; 289(4): 200-03.
21. Redaelli C, Formentini L, Santaniello E. Evaluation of Coumarins and Dicycloethers in Matricaria chamomilla Flowers and Chamomile Extracts by Reverse-Phase HPLC. Planta Med. 1981; 42(6):130.
22. Padula LZ, Rondina RV, Coussio JD. Quantitative determination of essential oil, total azulenes and chamazulene in German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) cultivated in Argentina. Planta Med. 1976; 30(3):273-80.
23. Pietta P, Manera E, Ceva P. Simultaneous isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of flavones and coumarins in Matricaria chamonilla extracts. J Chramatogr. 1987; 404(1):279-81.
24. Fonseca FN, Tavares MF, Horvath C. Capillary electrochromatography of selected phenolic compounds of Chamomilla recutita. J Chramatogr A 2007; 1154(1-2):390-9.
25. Repcák M, Smajda B, Kovacik J, Eliasova A. Circadian rhythm of Z- and E-2-beta-D: -glucopyranosyloxy-4-methoxy cinnamic acids and herniarin in leaves of Matricaria chamomilla. Plant Cell Rep. 2009; 28(7):1137-43.
26. Redaelli C, Formentini L, Santaniello E. HPLC Determination of Coumarins in Matricaria chamomilla. Planta Med. 1981; 43(12):412-3.
27. Máday E, Szöke E, Muskáth Z, Lemberkovics E. A study of the production of essential oils in chamomile hairy root cultures. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 1999; 24(4):303-8.
28. Schilcher H, Novotny L, Ubik K, Motl O, Herout V. Structure of a third bisabololoxide from Matricaria chamomilla L (AUTHOR'S TRANSL) Arch Pharm (Weinheim). 1976; 309(3):189-96.
29. Viola H, Wasowski C, Levi de Stein M, Wolfman C, Silveira R, Dajas F, Medina JH, Paladini AC. Apigenin, a component of Matricaria recutita flowers, is a central benzodiazepine receptors-ligand with anxiolytic effects. Planta Med. 1995; 61(3):213-6.
30. Zanoli P, Avallone R, Baraldi M. Behavioral characterisation of the flavonoids apigenin and chrysin. Fitoterapia 2000; (71 Suppl 1): S117-23
31. Svehlikova V, Bennett RN, Mellon FA, Needs PW, Piacente S, Kroon PA, Bao Y. Isolation, identification and stability of acylated derivatives of apigenin 7-O-glucoside from chamomile (Chamomilla recutita [L.] Rauschert). Phytochemistry 2004; 65(16):2323-32.
32. Izumi S, Takashima O, Hirata T. Geraniol is a potent inducer of apoptosis-like cell death in the cultured shoot primordia of Matricaria chamomilla Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999; 259(3):519-22.
33. Ramadan M, Goeters S, Watzer B, Krause E, Lohmann K, Bauer R, Hempel B, Imming P. Chamazulene carboxylic acid and matricin: a natural profen and its natural prodrug, identified through similarity to synthetic drug substances. J Nat Prod. 2006; 69(7):1041-5.
34. Maier R, Carle R, Kreis W, Reinhard E. Purification and Characterization of a Flavone 7-O-Glucoside-Specific Glucosidase from Ligulate Florets of Chamomilla recutita. Planta Med. 1993; 59(5):436-41.
35. Shipochliev T, Dimitrov A, Aleksandrova E. Anti-inflammatory action of a group of plant extracts] Vet Med Nauki. 1981;18(6):87-94.
36. Al-Hindawi MK, Al-Deen IH, Nabi MH, Ismail MA. Anti-inflammatory activity of some Iraqi plants using intact rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1989; 26(2):163-8.
37. Uteshev BS, Laskova IL, Afanasev VA. [The immunomodulating activity of the heteropolysaccharides from German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) during air and immersion cooling Eksp Klin Farmakol 1999; 62(6):52-5.
38. Macchioni F, Perrucci S, Cecchi F, Cioni PL, Morelli I, Pampiglione S. Acaricidal activity of aqueous extracts of camomile flowers, Matricaria chamomilla, against the mite Psoroptes cuniculi Med Vet Entomol 2004; 18(2):205-7.
39. Cemek M, KaÄŸa S, SimÅŸek N, BüyükokuroÄŸlu ME, Konuk M. Antihyperglycemic and antioxidative potential of Matricaria chamomilla L. in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Nat Med (Tokyo). 2008; 62(3):284-93.
40. Srivastava JK, Gupta S. Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of chamomile extract in various human cancer cells. J Agric Food Chem. 2007; 55(23):9470-8.
41. Kobayashi Y, Takahashi R, Ogino F Antipruritic effect of the single oral administration of German chamomile flower extract and its combined effect with antiallergic agents in ddY mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 101(1-3):308-12.
42. Nayak BS, Raju SS, Rao AV. Wound healing activity of Matricaria recutita L. extract. J Wound Care. 2007; 16(7):298-302.
43. Jarrahi M. An experimental study of the effects of Matricaria chamomilla extract on cutaneous burn wound healing in albino rats. Nat Prod Res. 2008; 22(5):422-7.
44. Jarrahi M, Vafaei AA, Taherian AA, Miladi H, Rashidi Pour A. Evaluation of topical Matricaria chamomilla extracts activity on linear incisional wound healing in albino rats. Nat Prod Res. 2008; 22(14):1197-202.
45. Martins MD, Marques MM, Bussadori SK, Martins MA, Pavesi VC, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, Fernandes KP Comparative analysis between Chamomilla recutita and corticosteroids on wound healing. An in vitro and in vivo study. Phytother Res. 2009; 23(2):274-8.
46. Mazokopakis EE, Vrentzos GE, Papadakis JA, Babalis DE, Ganotakis ES. Wild chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) mouthwashes in methotrexate-induced oral mucositis. Phytomedicine 2005; 12(1-2):25-7.
47. Sadr Lahijani MS, Raoof Kateb HR, Heady R, Yazdani D. The effect of German chamomile (Marticaria recutita L.) extract and tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia L.) oil used as irrigants on removal of smear layer: a scanning electron microscopy study. Int Endod J 2006; 39(3):190-5.
48. Bianco MI, Lúquez C, de Jong LI, Fernández RA. Presence of Clostridium botulinum spores in Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile) and its relationship with infant botulism. Int J Food Microbio 2008; 121(3):357-60.
49. Khater HF, Ramadan MY, El-Madawy RS. Lousicidal, ovicidal and repellent efficacy of some essential oils against lice and flies infesting water buffaloes in Egypt. Vet Parasitol 2009.
50. Koch C, Reichling J, Schneele J, Schnitzler P. Inhibitory effect of essential oils against herpes simplex virus type 2. Phytomedicine 2008; 15(1-2):71-8.
51. Mahady GB, Pendland SL, Stoia A, Hamill FA, Fabricant D, Dietz BM, Chadwick LR. In vitro susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to botanical extracts used traditionally for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Phytother Res. 2005; 19(11):988-91.
52. Nogueira JC, Diniz Mde F, Lima EO. In vitro antimicrobial activity of plants in Acute Otitis Externa. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 74(1):118-24.
53. Khayyal MT, el-Ghazaly MA, Kenawy SA, Seif-el-Nasr M, Mahran LG, Kafafi YA, Okpanyi SN. Antiulcerogenic effect of some gastrointestinally acting plant extracts and their combination. Arzneimittelforschung 2001; 51(7):545-53.
54. Pinto SA, Bohland E, Coelho Cde P, Morgulis MS, Bonamin LV. An animal model for the study of Chamomilla in stress and depression: pilot study. Homeopathy. 2008; 97(3): 141-4
55. Shipochliev T. Uterotonic action of extracts from a group of medicinal plants]. Vet Med Nauki 1981; 18(4): 94-8.
56. Kobayashi Y, Nakano Y, Inayama K, Sakai A, Kamiya T. Dietary intake of the flower extracts of German chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) inhibited compound 48/80-induced itch-scratch responses in mice. Phytomedicine 2003; 10(8):657-64.
57. Ramos MF, Santos EP, Bizarri CH, Mattos HA, Padilha MR, Duarte HM. Preliminary studies towards utilization of various plant extracts as antisolar agents. Int J Cosmet Sci 1996; 18(3):87-101.
58. Vilaginès P, Delaveau P, Vilagines R. Inhibition of poliovirus replication by an extract of Matricaria chamomilla (L) C R Acad Sci III. 1985; 301(6):289-94.
59. Amsterdam JD, Li Y, Soeller I, Rockwell K, Mao JJ, Shults J. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral Matricaria recutita (chamomile) extract therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2009; 29(4):378-82.
60. Kassi E, Papoutsi Z, Fokialakis N, Messari I, Mitakou S, Moutsatsou P. Greek plant extracts exhibit selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)-like properties. J Agric Food Chem. 2004; 52(23):6956-61.
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“PHARMACOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF MATRICARIA RECUTITA-A REVIEW”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 2, no. 1, Jan. 2010, pp. 12-16, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2010.020102.
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“PHARMACOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF MATRICARIA RECUTITA-A REVIEW”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 2, no. 1, Jan. 2010, pp. 12-16, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2010.020102.
