AMYLOSE RICH STARCH AS AN AQUEOUS BASED PHARMACEUTICAL COATING MATERIAL - REVIEW
Abstract
Until about 1950, sugar was the first choice as coating agent for pharmaceutical preparations. As the tablets coating technique was changed from sugar coating to film coating, a number of polymers like Methyl Cellulose (MC), Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) and Ethyl Cellulose (EC) become the main coating materials in place of sugar. As for as aqueous coating materials are concerned, Sodium Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (Sod. CMC), Polyvinyl Acetate (PA), Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP), Sodium Alginate, Poly Ethyl Glycol and HPMC etc. are used either alone or in combination. Starch, especially amylose rich starch is known to have good film forming property. Therefore amylose rich starch is now-a-days used as aqueous based coating materials for pharmaceutical coating. It is successfully used for coating in combination with sorbitol and glycerol as plasticizer. A nine months study on prepared films justifies the stability of amylose rich starch. Both the dispersion and solution of amylose rich starch are used for coating purpose. The amylose rich starch composition for this is 70% amylose and 30% amylopectin. Aging problems are overcome by proper type and proper concentration of plasticizer. The coating with amylose rich starch provides safety, economic and ecological benefits.
Keywords:
Amylose, Amylopectin, Plasticizer, Sorbitol, Glycerol.DOI
https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2011.030102References
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2. Haugaard VK, Udsen AM, Mortensen G, Hoegh L, Petersen K, Monahan F. Potential food applications of biobased materials. Starch/Stärke. 2001; 53: 189-200.
3. Krogars K, Antikainen O, Heinämäki J, Laitinen N, Yliruussi J. Tablet film-coating with amylase rich maize starch. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2002; 17: 23-30.
4. Wurster DE et al. Air suspension technique of coating drug particles. J Am Pharm Assoc. 1959; 48: 451-454.
5. Reiland TL, Seitz LK, Yeager JL. Aqueous film coating vaporization efficiency. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 1983; 9: 945-958.
6. Palviainen P, Heinämäki J, Myllärinen P, Lahtinen R, Yliruusi J, Forssell P. Corn starches as film formers in aqueous based film coating. Pharm Dev Tech. 2001; 6: 351-359.
7. Van Soest JJG, Knooren N. Influence of glycerol and water content on the structure and properties of extruded starch-plastic sheets during aging. J Appl Polym Sci. 1997; 64: 1411-1422.
8. Forssell PM, Hulleman SHD, Myllärinen PJ, Moates GK, Parker R. Aging of rubbery thermoplastic barley and oat starches. Carbohydr Polym. 1999; 39: 43-51.
9. Van Soest JJG, Benes K, Dewit D, Vilegenthart JFG. The influence of starch molecule mass on the properties of extruded thermoplastic starch. Polymer. 1996; 37: 3543-3552.
10. Van Soest JJG, Borger DB. Structure and properties of compression molded thermoplastic starch materials from normal and high amylose maize starches. J Appl Polym Sci. 1997; 64: 631-644.
11. Mark AM, Roth WB, Mehltretter CL, Rist CE. Oxygen permeability of amylose maize starch films. Food Technol. 1966; 20: 75-77.
12. Forssell P, Lahtinen R, Lahelin M, Myllärinen P. Oxygen permeability of amylose and amylopectin films. Carbohydr Polym. 2002; 47(2): 125-129.
13. Krogars K, Heinämäki J, Karjalainen M, Rantanen J, Luukkonen P, Yliruusi J. Development and characterization of aqueous amylose rich maize starch dispersion for film formation. Eup J Pharm Biopharm. 2003; 56(2): 215-221.
14. Obara S, McGinity JW. Property of free film prepared from aqueous polymers by a spraying technique. Pharm Res. 1994; 11: 1562-1567.
15. Cura JA, Jansson PE, Krishman CR. Amylose are not strictly linear. Starch/Stärke. 1995; 47: 207-209.
16. Manners DJ et al. Recent development in our understanding of amylopectin structure. Carbohydr Polym. 1989; 11: 87-112.
17. Swinkels JJM, Van Beynum BMA, Roels JA. Starch conversion technology. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1985; 15-24.
18. Van Soest JJG, Essers P. Influence of amylose- amylopectin ratio on properties of extruded starch plastic sheets. J Pure Appl Chem. 1997; A34: 1665-1689.
19. Atwell WA, Hood LF, Lineback DR, Varriana-Marston E, Zobel HF. The terminology and methodology associated with basic starch phenomena. Cereal Food World. 1988; 33: 306-311.
20. Abd Karim A, Norziah MH, Seow CC. Method for the study of starch retrogradation. Food Chem. 2000; 71: 9-36.
21. Leloup LM, Colonna P, Buleon A. Influence of amylose-amylopectin ratio on gel properties. J Cereal Sci. 1991; 13: 1-13.
22. Krogars K, Heinämäki J, Karjalainen M, Niskanen A, Leskelä M, Yliruusi J. Enhanced stability of rubbery amylose rich maize starch films plasticized with a combination of sorbitol and glycerol. Int J Pharm. 2003; 251: 205-208.
23. Lourdin D, Bizot H,Colonna P. Role of glycerol and sorbitol in starch films are reported. J Appl Polym Sci. 1997; 63: 1047-1053.
24. Gaudin S, Louedin D, Le Botlan D, Ilari JL, Colonna P. Plasticization of mobility in starch sorbitol films. J Cereal Sci. 1999; 29: 273-284.
25. Shogren RL et al. Effect of moisture content on the melting and subsequent physical aging of cornstarch. Carbohydr Polym. 1992; 19: 83-90.
26. Myllärinen P, Partanen R, Seppälä J, Forssell P. Effect of glycerol on behavior of amylose and amylopectin films. Carbohydr Polym. 2002; 50: 355-361.
27. Rindlav-Westlimg Å, Stading M, Hermansson AM, Gatenholm P. Structure, mechanical and barrier properties of amylose and amylopectin films. Carbohydr Polym. 1998; 36: 217-224.
28. Nagarsenker MS, Hegde DD. Optimization of the mechanical properties and water vapor transmission properties of free films oh hydroxypropyle methyl cellulose. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 1999; 25: 95-98.
29. Obara S, McGinity JW. Influence of processing variables on the properties of free films prepared from aqueous polymeric dispersion by a spray technique. Int J Pharm. 1995; 126: 1-10.
30. Arvanotoyannis I, Psomiadou E, Nakayama A. Edible films made from sodium casemate, sugar, starches on glycerol, part-1. Carbohydr Polym. 1996; 31: 179-192.
31. Arvanotoyannis I, Kalichevsky M, Blanshard JMV, Psomiadou E. Study of diffusion permeation of gases in undrawn and uniaxially drawn films made from potato & rice starch conditioned at different relative humidities. Carbohydr Polym. 1994; 24: 1-15.
32. Psomiadou E, Arvanotoyannis I, Yamamatta N. Edible films made from the natural resources; microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), methylcellulose (MC), cornstarch and polyols. Carbohydr Polym. 1993; 31: 193-204.
33. Lourdin D, Della Valle G, Colonna P. Influence of amylose contain on starch films and foams. Carbohydr Polym. 1995; 27: 261-270.
34. Krogars K, Heinämäki J, Antikainen O, Karjalainen M, Yliruusi J. A novel of amylose corn starch dispersion as an aqueous film coating for tablets. Pharm Dev Tech. 2003; 8: 211-217.
35. Myllärinen P, Buleon A, Lahtinen R, Forssell P. Crystallinity of amylose and amylopectin films. Carbohydr Polym. 2005; 48: 41-48.
36. Smits LM, Hullemen SHD, Van Soest JJG, Feil H, Vliegenhart FG. The influence of polymers on the molecular organization in starch based plastics. Polym Adv Technol. 1999; 10: 570-573.
37. Heller J, Robinson JR, Vincent H. Lee. Controlled drug delivery. 2nd edition, vol. 29, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1987; 167-172.
38. Roos YH et al. Phase transition in foods. Thermal analysis, state transition and food quality. Academic Press. Inc, San Diego. 1995; 360-378.
39. Lourdin D, Coignard L, Bizot H, Colonna P. Influence of equilibrium relative humidity and plasticizer concentration on the water content and glass transition of starch material. Polymer. 1997; 38: 5401-5406.
40. Kalichevsky MT, Jaroszkiewicz EM, Blanshard JMV. Study of the glass transition of amylopectin sugar mixtures. Polymer. 1993; 34: 346-358.
41. Kuutti L, Peltonen J, Myllärinen P, Teleman O, Gatenholm P. AFM in studies of thermoplastic starches during ageing. Carbohydr Polym. 1998; 37: 7-12.
42. Bader HG, Göriz D. Investigation on high amylose corn starch films. Starch/Stärke. 1994; 46: 229-232.
43. Rindlav A, Hulleman SHD, Gatenholm P. Formation of starch films with varying crystallinity. Carbohydr Polym. 1997; 34: 25-30.
44. Stading M, Rindlav-Westling Å, Gatenholm P. Humidity induced structural transition in amylose and amylopectin films. Carbohydr Polym. 2001; 45: 209-217.
45. Aulton ME and Twitchell AM, In: Hogan GJ, Aulton ME, eds. Pharmaceutical coating technology. Taylor & Francis Cop. London, 1995; 363-383.
46. Rowe RC et al. A study of the factors affecting the release of potassium chloride from an inert polyvinyl chloride. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1978; 30: 669-672.
47. Twitchell AM, Hogan JE, Aulton ME. The behavior of film coating droplets on their impingement onto uncoated and coated tablets. S.T.P. Pharm Sci. 1995; 5: 190-195.
48. Felton LA, McGinity JW. Influence of tablet hardness and hydrophobicity on the adhesive properties of an acrylic resin copolymer. Pharm Dev Technol. 1996; 1: 381-389.
49. Rindlav-Westling Å, Stading M, Gatenholm P. Crystalline and morphology in films of starch, amylose and amylopectin blends. Biomacromolecules. 2002; 3: 84-91.
2. Haugaard VK, Udsen AM, Mortensen G, Hoegh L, Petersen K, Monahan F. Potential food applications of biobased materials. Starch/Stärke. 2001; 53: 189-200.
3. Krogars K, Antikainen O, Heinämäki J, Laitinen N, Yliruussi J. Tablet film-coating with amylase rich maize starch. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2002; 17: 23-30.
4. Wurster DE et al. Air suspension technique of coating drug particles. J Am Pharm Assoc. 1959; 48: 451-454.
5. Reiland TL, Seitz LK, Yeager JL. Aqueous film coating vaporization efficiency. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 1983; 9: 945-958.
6. Palviainen P, Heinämäki J, Myllärinen P, Lahtinen R, Yliruusi J, Forssell P. Corn starches as film formers in aqueous based film coating. Pharm Dev Tech. 2001; 6: 351-359.
7. Van Soest JJG, Knooren N. Influence of glycerol and water content on the structure and properties of extruded starch-plastic sheets during aging. J Appl Polym Sci. 1997; 64: 1411-1422.
8. Forssell PM, Hulleman SHD, Myllärinen PJ, Moates GK, Parker R. Aging of rubbery thermoplastic barley and oat starches. Carbohydr Polym. 1999; 39: 43-51.
9. Van Soest JJG, Benes K, Dewit D, Vilegenthart JFG. The influence of starch molecule mass on the properties of extruded thermoplastic starch. Polymer. 1996; 37: 3543-3552.
10. Van Soest JJG, Borger DB. Structure and properties of compression molded thermoplastic starch materials from normal and high amylose maize starches. J Appl Polym Sci. 1997; 64: 631-644.
11. Mark AM, Roth WB, Mehltretter CL, Rist CE. Oxygen permeability of amylose maize starch films. Food Technol. 1966; 20: 75-77.
12. Forssell P, Lahtinen R, Lahelin M, Myllärinen P. Oxygen permeability of amylose and amylopectin films. Carbohydr Polym. 2002; 47(2): 125-129.
13. Krogars K, Heinämäki J, Karjalainen M, Rantanen J, Luukkonen P, Yliruusi J. Development and characterization of aqueous amylose rich maize starch dispersion for film formation. Eup J Pharm Biopharm. 2003; 56(2): 215-221.
14. Obara S, McGinity JW. Property of free film prepared from aqueous polymers by a spraying technique. Pharm Res. 1994; 11: 1562-1567.
15. Cura JA, Jansson PE, Krishman CR. Amylose are not strictly linear. Starch/Stärke. 1995; 47: 207-209.
16. Manners DJ et al. Recent development in our understanding of amylopectin structure. Carbohydr Polym. 1989; 11: 87-112.
17. Swinkels JJM, Van Beynum BMA, Roels JA. Starch conversion technology. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1985; 15-24.
18. Van Soest JJG, Essers P. Influence of amylose- amylopectin ratio on properties of extruded starch plastic sheets. J Pure Appl Chem. 1997; A34: 1665-1689.
19. Atwell WA, Hood LF, Lineback DR, Varriana-Marston E, Zobel HF. The terminology and methodology associated with basic starch phenomena. Cereal Food World. 1988; 33: 306-311.
20. Abd Karim A, Norziah MH, Seow CC. Method for the study of starch retrogradation. Food Chem. 2000; 71: 9-36.
21. Leloup LM, Colonna P, Buleon A. Influence of amylose-amylopectin ratio on gel properties. J Cereal Sci. 1991; 13: 1-13.
22. Krogars K, Heinämäki J, Karjalainen M, Niskanen A, Leskelä M, Yliruusi J. Enhanced stability of rubbery amylose rich maize starch films plasticized with a combination of sorbitol and glycerol. Int J Pharm. 2003; 251: 205-208.
23. Lourdin D, Bizot H,Colonna P. Role of glycerol and sorbitol in starch films are reported. J Appl Polym Sci. 1997; 63: 1047-1053.
24. Gaudin S, Louedin D, Le Botlan D, Ilari JL, Colonna P. Plasticization of mobility in starch sorbitol films. J Cereal Sci. 1999; 29: 273-284.
25. Shogren RL et al. Effect of moisture content on the melting and subsequent physical aging of cornstarch. Carbohydr Polym. 1992; 19: 83-90.
26. Myllärinen P, Partanen R, Seppälä J, Forssell P. Effect of glycerol on behavior of amylose and amylopectin films. Carbohydr Polym. 2002; 50: 355-361.
27. Rindlav-Westlimg Å, Stading M, Hermansson AM, Gatenholm P. Structure, mechanical and barrier properties of amylose and amylopectin films. Carbohydr Polym. 1998; 36: 217-224.
28. Nagarsenker MS, Hegde DD. Optimization of the mechanical properties and water vapor transmission properties of free films oh hydroxypropyle methyl cellulose. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 1999; 25: 95-98.
29. Obara S, McGinity JW. Influence of processing variables on the properties of free films prepared from aqueous polymeric dispersion by a spray technique. Int J Pharm. 1995; 126: 1-10.
30. Arvanotoyannis I, Psomiadou E, Nakayama A. Edible films made from sodium casemate, sugar, starches on glycerol, part-1. Carbohydr Polym. 1996; 31: 179-192.
31. Arvanotoyannis I, Kalichevsky M, Blanshard JMV, Psomiadou E. Study of diffusion permeation of gases in undrawn and uniaxially drawn films made from potato & rice starch conditioned at different relative humidities. Carbohydr Polym. 1994; 24: 1-15.
32. Psomiadou E, Arvanotoyannis I, Yamamatta N. Edible films made from the natural resources; microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), methylcellulose (MC), cornstarch and polyols. Carbohydr Polym. 1993; 31: 193-204.
33. Lourdin D, Della Valle G, Colonna P. Influence of amylose contain on starch films and foams. Carbohydr Polym. 1995; 27: 261-270.
34. Krogars K, Heinämäki J, Antikainen O, Karjalainen M, Yliruusi J. A novel of amylose corn starch dispersion as an aqueous film coating for tablets. Pharm Dev Tech. 2003; 8: 211-217.
35. Myllärinen P, Buleon A, Lahtinen R, Forssell P. Crystallinity of amylose and amylopectin films. Carbohydr Polym. 2005; 48: 41-48.
36. Smits LM, Hullemen SHD, Van Soest JJG, Feil H, Vliegenhart FG. The influence of polymers on the molecular organization in starch based plastics. Polym Adv Technol. 1999; 10: 570-573.
37. Heller J, Robinson JR, Vincent H. Lee. Controlled drug delivery. 2nd edition, vol. 29, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1987; 167-172.
38. Roos YH et al. Phase transition in foods. Thermal analysis, state transition and food quality. Academic Press. Inc, San Diego. 1995; 360-378.
39. Lourdin D, Coignard L, Bizot H, Colonna P. Influence of equilibrium relative humidity and plasticizer concentration on the water content and glass transition of starch material. Polymer. 1997; 38: 5401-5406.
40. Kalichevsky MT, Jaroszkiewicz EM, Blanshard JMV. Study of the glass transition of amylopectin sugar mixtures. Polymer. 1993; 34: 346-358.
41. Kuutti L, Peltonen J, Myllärinen P, Teleman O, Gatenholm P. AFM in studies of thermoplastic starches during ageing. Carbohydr Polym. 1998; 37: 7-12.
42. Bader HG, Göriz D. Investigation on high amylose corn starch films. Starch/Stärke. 1994; 46: 229-232.
43. Rindlav A, Hulleman SHD, Gatenholm P. Formation of starch films with varying crystallinity. Carbohydr Polym. 1997; 34: 25-30.
44. Stading M, Rindlav-Westling Å, Gatenholm P. Humidity induced structural transition in amylose and amylopectin films. Carbohydr Polym. 2001; 45: 209-217.
45. Aulton ME and Twitchell AM, In: Hogan GJ, Aulton ME, eds. Pharmaceutical coating technology. Taylor & Francis Cop. London, 1995; 363-383.
46. Rowe RC et al. A study of the factors affecting the release of potassium chloride from an inert polyvinyl chloride. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1978; 30: 669-672.
47. Twitchell AM, Hogan JE, Aulton ME. The behavior of film coating droplets on their impingement onto uncoated and coated tablets. S.T.P. Pharm Sci. 1995; 5: 190-195.
48. Felton LA, McGinity JW. Influence of tablet hardness and hydrophobicity on the adhesive properties of an acrylic resin copolymer. Pharm Dev Technol. 1996; 1: 381-389.
49. Rindlav-Westling Å, Stading M, Gatenholm P. Crystalline and morphology in films of starch, amylose and amylopectin blends. Biomacromolecules. 2002; 3: 84-91.
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01-01-2011
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“AMYLOSE RICH STARCH AS AN AQUEOUS BASED PHARMACEUTICAL COATING MATERIAL - REVIEW”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 3, no. 1, Jan. 2011, pp. 08-12, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2011.030102.
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“AMYLOSE RICH STARCH AS AN AQUEOUS BASED PHARMACEUTICAL COATING MATERIAL - REVIEW”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 3, no. 1, Jan. 2011, pp. 08-12, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2011.030102.
