EVALUATION OF HEAVY METALS IN TWO MAJOR INGREDIENTS OF AMPUCARE
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 4 billion people or 80 percent of the world population, presently use herbal medicine for some aspect of primary health care and 25% of modern medicines are made from plants first used traditionally. There are several reports of adverse effects of these herbal preparations due to the presence of high level of heavy metals such as Lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel, arsenic and mercury and this problem has become a matter of concern. The present study was done to check the presence of lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel, arsenic and mercury in two major ingredients (Azadirachta indica and Curcuma longa) of a polyherbal product- Ampucare. These ingredients were procured from different cities of India and subjected to analysis by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results were compared with the permissible limits (PL), acceptable daily intake (ADI) and provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) as set by World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives (JECFA). All the metals were within these limits. Mean levels were evaluated with respect to their place of procurement. Delhi samples had highest mean metal contamination followed by Lucknow, Chandigarh and Chennai samples. Lowest metal contamination was found in Srinagar samples. These results were also in correlation with the safe limits as well as pollution prevailing in these cities. Overall study confirmed the safety of Ampucare.
Keywords:
Ampucare, Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa, cadmium, leadDOI
https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2010.020211References
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2. Haider S, Naithani V, Barthwal J, Kakkar P. Heavy metal content in some therapeutically important medicinal plants. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 2004; 72: 119-127.
3. Naithani V, Kakkar P. Evaluation of heavy metals in Indian herbal teas. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 2005; 75: 197-203.
4. Naithani V, Kakkar P. Effect of ecological variation on heavy metal content of some medicinal plants used as herbal tea ingredients in India. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 2006; 76: 285-292.
5. Obi E, Akunyili DN, Ekpo B, Orisakwe OE. Heavy metal hazards of Nigerian herbal remedies. Science of Total Environment 2006; 369: 35-41.
6. Ang HH, Lee KL. Evaluation of mercury contamination in Smilax myosotiflora herbal preparations. International Journal of Toxicology 2007; 26: 433-439.
7. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). Toxicological Profile for Lead. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. : U.S. Department of Health and Human services, Public Health Service, 2007, Atlanta, GA, United States.
8. Mudipalli A. Lead hepatotoxicity and potential health effects. Indian Journal of Medical Research 2007; 126: 518-527.
9. Huff J, Lunn RM, Waalkes MP, Tomatis L, Infante PF. Cadmium-induced cancers in animals and in humans. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 2007; 13: 202-212.
10. Horiguchi H. Anemia induced by cadmium intoxication. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2007; 62: 888-904.
11. Prozialeck WC, Edwards JR, Nebert DW, Woods JM, Barchowsky A, Atchinson WD. The vascular system as a target of metal toxicity. Toxicological Sciences 2008; 102: 207-218.
12. Lee YL, Shih MC, Wu WJ, Chou YH, Huang CH. Clinical and urographic presentation of transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter in a black foot disease endemic area in Southern Taiwan Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences 2002; 18: 443-449.
13. Lee MY, Jung BI, Chung SM, Bae ON, Lee JY, Park JD, Yang JS, Lee H, Chung JH. Arsenic-induced dysfunction in relaxation of blood vessels. Environmental Health Perspective 2003; 11: 513-517.
14. Cabrera HN, Gomez Ml. Skin cancer induced by arsenic in water. Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 2003; 7: 106-111.
15. Celebi N, Canbay O, Aycan IO, Sahin A, Aypar U. Mercury intoxication and neuropathic pain. Paediatric Anaesthesia 2008; 18: 440-442.
16. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). Toxicological Profile for Nickel, ATSDR/U.S. Public Health Service, 1988, ATSDR/TP-88/19.
17. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). Toxicological Profile for Chromium prepared by Syracuse research Corporation under contract. 68-C8-0004. U.S. Public Health Service, 1989, ATSDR/TP-88/10.
18. Costa M, Klein CB. Toxicity and carcinogenicity of chromium compounds in humans. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 2006; 36: 155-163.
19. Jiang SY, Sun H, Wu XC, Zhou Y, Ma XJ, Wu R. Analysis and quality assessment standard of heavy metals and arsenic in Rhizoma et Radix notopterygii from different localities. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2006; 31: 978-980.
20. Jonnalagadda SB, Kindness A, Kubayi S, Cele MN. Macro, minor and toxic elemental uptake and distribution in Hypoxis hemerocallidea, the African potato-an edible medicinal plant. Journal of Environmental Science and Health B 2008; 43: 271-280.
21. Chuang IC, Chen KS, Huang YL, Lee PN, Lin TH. Determination of trace elements in some natural drugs by atomic absorption spectrometry. Biological Trace Element Research 2000; 76: 235-244.
22. Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants., First Edition, National Institute of Science Communication, CSIR, New Delhi, India, 1956.
23. Pandey SN, Chadha A. Economic Botany, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India, 1999.
24. AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). Wet digestion for non-volatile metals in: AOAC official methods of analysis 1998 16th edition, 4th revision, vol. 1, chapter 9.
25. WHO (World Health Organization) Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials 1998. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
26. FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 21 CFR 556.60, 1999.
27. FDA. US Food and Drug Administration: Action Level for Methyl mercury in Fish, Federal Register 49, Nov. 19, 45663, 1984.
28. WHO (World Health Organization). Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Thirty-third report of the joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives. WHO technical report series number 776. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 1989.
29. WHO (World Health Organization). Guideline for drinking water quality. Second edition, recommendations. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, Vol. 1, 1997.
30. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Forty-first report of the joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives, Geneva, Switzerland, 1993.
31. CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board). Air pollution and its control. Parivesh Newsletter 1995; 2 : 20.
32. Anonymous. Air pollution rife in India's villages. June 3, accessed on July 17, 2008. http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Air_pollution_rife_in_Indias_villages_report.html,New Delhi.
33. The Times of India. Air pollution high in Lucknow. Feb 13, 2006, Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd., New Delhi, India.
34. Gowri VS, Ramachandran S, Ramesh R, Pramiladevi IR, & Krishnaveni K. Application of GIS in the study of mass transport of pollutants by Adyar and Cooum Rivers in Chennai, Tamilnadu. Environmental Monitoring Assessment 2008; 138: 41-49.
35. Senthilnathan T. Status of respirable dust particle (RDP) concentration--a case study in Chennai city. J Environ Biol 2005; 26(2 Suppl):425-8.
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01-04-2010
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“EVALUATION OF HEAVY METALS IN TWO MAJOR INGREDIENTS OF AMPUCARE”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 2, no. 2, Apr. 2010, pp. 137-41, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2010.020211.
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Copyright (c) 2010 V. Naithani, N. Pathak, M. Chaudhary
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How to Cite
“EVALUATION OF HEAVY METALS IN TWO MAJOR INGREDIENTS OF AMPUCARE”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 2, no. 2, Apr. 2010, pp. 137-41, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2010.020211.
