NITRIC OXIDE: ROLE IN HUMAN BIOLOGY
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a free radical, possesses various modulatory effects on biological systems. NO is synthesized from L-arginine by converting it to L-citrulline via nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes. Moreover, various precursors of NO have been reported that include arginine, citruline, arginine alphaketoglutarate (A-AKG) and arginineketoisocaproate (A-KIC). NO possess various direct and indirect effects that broadly affect various tissues and organ systems inside the body. The present review article aims to discuss about the pharmacology, physiological roles and effects of NO.
Keywords:
Nitric oxide, modulatory effects, nitric oxide synthase, precursorsDOI
https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2012.040203References
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2. Jiang H, Torregrossa AC, Parthasarathy DK, Bryan NS. Natural product nitric oxide chemistry: new activity of old medicines. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012; 2012: 873210.
3. Schairer DO, Chouake JS, Nosanchuk JD, Friedman AJ. The potential of nitric oxide releasing therapies as antimicrobial agents. Virulence 2012; 3: 112-115.
4. Dessy C, Ferron O. Pathophysiological Roles of Nitric Oxide: In the Heart and the Coronary Vasculature. Curr Med Chem. 2004; 3: 207-216.
5. Yetik-Anacak G, Catravas JD. Nitric oxide and the endothelium: history and impact on cardiovascular disease. Vascul Pharmacol. 2006; 45: 268-276.
6. Machha A, Schechter AN. Dietary nitrite and nitrate: a review of potential mechanisms of cardiovascular benefits. Eur J Nutr. 2011; 50: 293-303.
7. Naseem KM. The role of nitric oxide in cardiovascular diseases. Mol Asp Med. 2005; 26: 33-65.
8. Hughes MN. Chemistry of nitric oxide and related species. Methods Enzymol. 2008; 436: 3-19.
9. Weigert A, Brüne B. Nitric oxide, apoptosis and macrophage polarization during tumor progression. Nitric Oxide. 2008; 19: 95-102.
10. Paradise WA, Vesper BJ, Goel A, Waltonen JD, Altman KW, Haines GK, et al. Nitric oxide: perspectives and emerging studies of a well known cytotoxin. Int J Mol Sci. 2010; 11: 2715-2745.
11. Brero A, Ramella R, Fitou A, Dati C, Alloatti G, Gallo MP, et al. Neuregulin-1beta1 rapidly modulates nitric oxide synthesis and calcium handling in rat cardiomyocytes. Cardiovasc Res. 2010; 88: 443-452.
12. Jung HJ, Yang MZ, Kwon KH, Yenari MA, Choi YJ, Lee WT, et al. Endogenous agmatine inhibits cerebral vascular matrix metalloproteinases expression by regulating activating transcription factor 3 and endothelial nitric oxide synthesis. Curr Neurovasc Res. 2010; 7: 201-212.
13. Boucher JL, Moali C, Tenu JP. Nitric oxide biosynthesis, nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and arginase competition for L-arginine utilization. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999; 55: 1015-1028.
14. Bath FJ, Butterworth RJ, Bath PM. Nitric oxide donors (nitrates), L-arginine, or nitric oxide synthase inhibitors for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; 2: CD000398.
15. Bath PM, Willmot M, Leonardi-Bee J, Bath FJ. Nitric oxide donors (nitrates), L-arginine, or nitric oxide synthase inhibitors for acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; 4: CD000398.
16. Wilms H, Sievers J, Rickert U, Rostami-Yazdi M, Mrowietz U, Lucius R. Dimethylfumarate inhibits microglial and astrocytic inflammation by suppressing the synthesis of nitric oxide, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6 in an in-vitro model of brain inflammation. J Neuroinflammation. 2010; 7: 30.
17. Sánchez A, Contreras C, Martínez MP, Climent B, Benedito S, García-Sacristán A, et al. Role of Neural NO Synthase (nNOS) Uncoupling in the Dysfunctional Nitrergic Vasorelaxation of Penile Arteries from Insulin-Resistant Obese Zucker Rats. PLoS One. 2012; 7: e36027.
18. Patel S, Kumar S, Jyoti A, Srinag BS, Keshari RS, Saluja R, et al. Nitric oxide donors release extracellular traps from human neutrophils by augmenting free radical generation. Nitric Oxide. 2010; 22: 226-34.
19. Bonilla IM, Sridhar A, Györke S, Cardounel AJ, Carnes CA. Nitric oxide synthases and atrial fibrillation. Front Physiol. 2012; 3: 105.
20. Shami PJ, Moore JO, Gockerman JP, Hathorn JW, Misukonis MA, Weinberg JB. Nitric oxide modulation of the growth and differentiation of freshly isolated acute non-lymphocytic leukemia cells". Leukemia Res. 1995; 19: 527-533.
21. Kaibori M, Sakitani K, Oda M, Kamiyama Y, Masu Y, Okumura T. Immunosuppressant FK506 inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression at a step of NF-κB activation in rat hepatocytes. J. Hepatol. 1999; 30: 1138-1145.
22. Ball KA, Nelson AW, Foster DG, Poyton RO. Nitric oxide produced by cytochrome c oxidase helps stabilize HIF-1α in hypoxic mammalian cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2012; 420: 727-732.
23. Surks HK. CGMP-dependent protein kinase I and smooth muscle relaxation: a tale of two isoforms. Circulation Res. 2007; 101: 1078-1080.
24. Abrams J. Beneficial actions of nitrates in cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 1996; 77: C31.
25. Allen BW, Stamler JS, Piantadosi CA. Hemoglobin, nitric oxide and molecular mechanisms of hypoxic vasodilation. Trends Mol Med. 2009; 15: 452-460.
26. Engelberger RP, Pittet YK, Henry H, Delodder F, Hayoz D, Chioléro RL, et al. Acute endotoxemia inhibits microvascular nitric oxide-dependent vasodilation in humans. Shock 2011; 35: 28-34.
27. Tapiero H, Mathe G, Couvreur P. Arginine. Biomed Pharmacother. 2002; 56: 439-445.
28. Kurhaliuk NM. The effect of sodium alpha-ketoglutarate on the physical load endurance of rats with different resistances to hypoxia. Fiziol Zh. 2000; 46: 88-95.
29. Bonaventura C, Fago A, Henkens R, Crumbliss AL. Critical redox and allosteric aspects of nitric oxide interactions with hemoglobin. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2004; 6: 979-991.
30. Toledo JC Jr, Augusto O. Connecting the Chemical and Biological Properties of Nitric Oxide. Chem Res Toxicol. 2012; in press.
31. Roy B, Lepoivre M, Henry Y, Fontecave M. Inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase by nitric oxide derived from thionitrites: reversible modifications of both subunits. Biochemistry. 1995; 34: 5411-5418.
32. Pfeiffer S, Mayer B, Hemmens B. Nitric oxide: chemical puzzles posed by a biological messenger. Angew Chem Int Ed. 1999; 38: 1714-1731.
33. Guimarães FS, Beijamini V, Moreira FA, Aguiar DC, de Lucca AC. Role of nitric oxide in brain regions related to defensive reactions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2005; 29: 1313-1322.
34. Crack JC, Le Brun NE, Thomson AJ, Green J, Jervis AJ. Reactions of nitric oxide and oxygen with the regulator of fumarate and nitrate reduction, a global transcriptional regulator, during anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli. Methods Enzymol. 2008; 437: 191-209.
35. Szabó C. Physiological and pathophysiological roles of nitric oxide in the central nervous system. Brain Res Bull. 1996; 41: 131-141.
36. Christopherson KS, Bredt DS. Nitric oxide in excitable tissues: physiological roles and disease. J Clin Invest. 1997; 100: 2424-2429.
37. Shirasawa Y, Ikomi F, Ohhashi T. Physiological roles of endogenous nitric oxide in lymphatic pump activity of rat mesentery in vivo. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2000; 278: G551-G556.
38. Kousai A, Mizuno R, Ikomi F, Ohhashi T. ATP inhibits pump activity of lymph vessels via adenosine A1 receptor-mediated involvement of NO- and ATP-sensitive K+ channels. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004; 287: H2585-H2597.
39. Borhani AA, Houshmand G, Samini M, Namiranian K, Hajrasouliha AR, Tavakoli S, et al. Alpha2-Adrenoceptor subsensitivity in mesenteric vascular bed of cholestatic rats: the role of nitric oxide and endogenous opioids. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005; 514: 183-189.
40. Pannu R, Singh I. Pharmacological strategies for the regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase: neurodegenerative versus neuroprotective mechanisms. Neurochem Int. 2006; 49: 170-182.
41. Toda N, Ayajiki K, Okamura T. Cerebral blood flow regulation by nitric oxide: recent advances. Pharmacol Rev. 2009; 61: 62-97.
42. Saunders FD, Westphal M, Enkhbaatar P, Wang J, Pazdrak K, Nakano Y, et al. Molecular biological effects of selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibition in ovine lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 298: L427-L436.
43. Vanin AF, Mikoyan VD, Rubtsov NM, Kubrina LN. Autowave distribution of nitric oxide and its endogenous derivatives in biosystems strongly enhances their biological effects: A working hypothesis. Nitric Oxide. 2010; 23: 175-180.
44. Wink DA, Mitchel JB. Chemical biology of nitric oxide: insights into regulatory cytotoxic and cytoprotective mechanisms of nitric oxide. Free Radic Biol Med. 1998; 25: 434-456.
45. Liebmann J, Scherer J, Bibinov N, Rajasekaran P, Kovacs R, Gesche R, et al. Biological effects of nitric oxide generated by an atmospheric pressure gas-plasma on human skin cells. Nitric Oxide. 2011; 24: 8-16.
46. Yoshioka H, Asai S, Yoshioka M, Kobayashi M. Molecular mechanisms of generation for nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species, and role of the radical burst in plant immunity. Mol Cells. 2009; 28: 321-329.
47. Taylor CT, Moncada S. Nitric oxide, cytochrome C oxidase, and the cellular response to hypoxia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010; 30: 643-647.
48. Beckman JS. Oxidative damage and tyrosine nitration by peroxynitrite. Chem Res Toxicol. 1996; 9: 836-844.
49. Khan F, Siddiqui AA. Prevalence of anti-3-nitrotyrosine antibodies in the joint synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Chim Acta. 2006; 370: 100-107.
50. Watanabe N, Miura S, Zeki S, Ishii H. Hepatocellular oxidative DNA injury induced by macrophage-derived nitric oxide. Free Radic Biol Med. 2001; 30: 1019-1028.
51. Ohtsu N, Takaoka K, Segawa E, Hashitani S, Noguchi K, Kishimoto H, et al. Antitumor effects of inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase or cyclooxygenase-2 on human KB carcinoma cells overexpressing COX-2. Oncol Rep. 2010; 24: 31-36.
52. Lim S, Hung AC, Porter AG. Focused PCR screen reveals p53 dependence of nitric oxide-induced apoptosis and upregulation of maspin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in tumor cells. Mol Cancer Res. 2009; 7: 55-66.
53. Fang EF, Lin P, Wong JH, Tsao SW, Ng TB. A lectin with anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, antitumor, and nitric oxide inducing activities from seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris cv. extralong autumn purple bean. J Agric Food Chem. 2010; 58: 2221-2229.
54. Maksimovic-Ivanic D, Mijatovic S, Miljkovic D, Harhaji-Trajkovic L, Timotijevic G, Mojic M, et al. The antitumor properties of a nontoxic, nitric oxide-modified version of saquinavir are independent of Akt. Mol Cancer Ther. 2009; 8: 1169-1178.
55. Korde Choudhari S, Sridharan G, Gadbail A, Poornima V. Nitric oxide and oral cancer: A review. Oral Oncol. 2012; in press.
56. Michael PM. Nitric oxide and cell death. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999; 1411: 401-414.
57. Friederich M, Hansell P, Palm F. Diabetes, oxidative stress, nitric oxide and mitochondria function. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2009; 5: 120-144.
58. Blokhina O, Fagerstedt KV. Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in plant mitochondria: origin and redundant regulatory systems. Physiol Plant. 2010; 138: 447-462.
59. Chen K, Northington FJ, Martin LJ. Inducible nitric oxide synthase is present in motor neuron mitochondria and Schwann cells and contributes to disease mechanisms in ALS mice. Brain Struct Funct. 2010; 214: 219-234.
60. Scarlet JL, Packer MA, Porteous CM, Murphy MP. Alteration to glutathione and nicotinamide nucleotides during the mitochondrial permeability transition induced by peroxynitrite. Biochem Pharmacol. 1996; 52: 1047-1055.
61. Kuchukashvili Z, Burjanadze G, Menabde K, Chachua M, Dachanidze N, Mikadze M, et al. Long-lasting stress, quantitative changes in nitric oxide concentration and functional state of brain mitochondria. Acta Neurobiol Exp. 2012; 72: 40-50.
2. Jiang H, Torregrossa AC, Parthasarathy DK, Bryan NS. Natural product nitric oxide chemistry: new activity of old medicines. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012; 2012: 873210.
3. Schairer DO, Chouake JS, Nosanchuk JD, Friedman AJ. The potential of nitric oxide releasing therapies as antimicrobial agents. Virulence 2012; 3: 112-115.
4. Dessy C, Ferron O. Pathophysiological Roles of Nitric Oxide: In the Heart and the Coronary Vasculature. Curr Med Chem. 2004; 3: 207-216.
5. Yetik-Anacak G, Catravas JD. Nitric oxide and the endothelium: history and impact on cardiovascular disease. Vascul Pharmacol. 2006; 45: 268-276.
6. Machha A, Schechter AN. Dietary nitrite and nitrate: a review of potential mechanisms of cardiovascular benefits. Eur J Nutr. 2011; 50: 293-303.
7. Naseem KM. The role of nitric oxide in cardiovascular diseases. Mol Asp Med. 2005; 26: 33-65.
8. Hughes MN. Chemistry of nitric oxide and related species. Methods Enzymol. 2008; 436: 3-19.
9. Weigert A, Brüne B. Nitric oxide, apoptosis and macrophage polarization during tumor progression. Nitric Oxide. 2008; 19: 95-102.
10. Paradise WA, Vesper BJ, Goel A, Waltonen JD, Altman KW, Haines GK, et al. Nitric oxide: perspectives and emerging studies of a well known cytotoxin. Int J Mol Sci. 2010; 11: 2715-2745.
11. Brero A, Ramella R, Fitou A, Dati C, Alloatti G, Gallo MP, et al. Neuregulin-1beta1 rapidly modulates nitric oxide synthesis and calcium handling in rat cardiomyocytes. Cardiovasc Res. 2010; 88: 443-452.
12. Jung HJ, Yang MZ, Kwon KH, Yenari MA, Choi YJ, Lee WT, et al. Endogenous agmatine inhibits cerebral vascular matrix metalloproteinases expression by regulating activating transcription factor 3 and endothelial nitric oxide synthesis. Curr Neurovasc Res. 2010; 7: 201-212.
13. Boucher JL, Moali C, Tenu JP. Nitric oxide biosynthesis, nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and arginase competition for L-arginine utilization. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999; 55: 1015-1028.
14. Bath FJ, Butterworth RJ, Bath PM. Nitric oxide donors (nitrates), L-arginine, or nitric oxide synthase inhibitors for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; 2: CD000398.
15. Bath PM, Willmot M, Leonardi-Bee J, Bath FJ. Nitric oxide donors (nitrates), L-arginine, or nitric oxide synthase inhibitors for acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; 4: CD000398.
16. Wilms H, Sievers J, Rickert U, Rostami-Yazdi M, Mrowietz U, Lucius R. Dimethylfumarate inhibits microglial and astrocytic inflammation by suppressing the synthesis of nitric oxide, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6 in an in-vitro model of brain inflammation. J Neuroinflammation. 2010; 7: 30.
17. Sánchez A, Contreras C, Martínez MP, Climent B, Benedito S, García-Sacristán A, et al. Role of Neural NO Synthase (nNOS) Uncoupling in the Dysfunctional Nitrergic Vasorelaxation of Penile Arteries from Insulin-Resistant Obese Zucker Rats. PLoS One. 2012; 7: e36027.
18. Patel S, Kumar S, Jyoti A, Srinag BS, Keshari RS, Saluja R, et al. Nitric oxide donors release extracellular traps from human neutrophils by augmenting free radical generation. Nitric Oxide. 2010; 22: 226-34.
19. Bonilla IM, Sridhar A, Györke S, Cardounel AJ, Carnes CA. Nitric oxide synthases and atrial fibrillation. Front Physiol. 2012; 3: 105.
20. Shami PJ, Moore JO, Gockerman JP, Hathorn JW, Misukonis MA, Weinberg JB. Nitric oxide modulation of the growth and differentiation of freshly isolated acute non-lymphocytic leukemia cells". Leukemia Res. 1995; 19: 527-533.
21. Kaibori M, Sakitani K, Oda M, Kamiyama Y, Masu Y, Okumura T. Immunosuppressant FK506 inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression at a step of NF-κB activation in rat hepatocytes. J. Hepatol. 1999; 30: 1138-1145.
22. Ball KA, Nelson AW, Foster DG, Poyton RO. Nitric oxide produced by cytochrome c oxidase helps stabilize HIF-1α in hypoxic mammalian cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2012; 420: 727-732.
23. Surks HK. CGMP-dependent protein kinase I and smooth muscle relaxation: a tale of two isoforms. Circulation Res. 2007; 101: 1078-1080.
24. Abrams J. Beneficial actions of nitrates in cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 1996; 77: C31.
25. Allen BW, Stamler JS, Piantadosi CA. Hemoglobin, nitric oxide and molecular mechanisms of hypoxic vasodilation. Trends Mol Med. 2009; 15: 452-460.
26. Engelberger RP, Pittet YK, Henry H, Delodder F, Hayoz D, Chioléro RL, et al. Acute endotoxemia inhibits microvascular nitric oxide-dependent vasodilation in humans. Shock 2011; 35: 28-34.
27. Tapiero H, Mathe G, Couvreur P. Arginine. Biomed Pharmacother. 2002; 56: 439-445.
28. Kurhaliuk NM. The effect of sodium alpha-ketoglutarate on the physical load endurance of rats with different resistances to hypoxia. Fiziol Zh. 2000; 46: 88-95.
29. Bonaventura C, Fago A, Henkens R, Crumbliss AL. Critical redox and allosteric aspects of nitric oxide interactions with hemoglobin. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2004; 6: 979-991.
30. Toledo JC Jr, Augusto O. Connecting the Chemical and Biological Properties of Nitric Oxide. Chem Res Toxicol. 2012; in press.
31. Roy B, Lepoivre M, Henry Y, Fontecave M. Inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase by nitric oxide derived from thionitrites: reversible modifications of both subunits. Biochemistry. 1995; 34: 5411-5418.
32. Pfeiffer S, Mayer B, Hemmens B. Nitric oxide: chemical puzzles posed by a biological messenger. Angew Chem Int Ed. 1999; 38: 1714-1731.
33. Guimarães FS, Beijamini V, Moreira FA, Aguiar DC, de Lucca AC. Role of nitric oxide in brain regions related to defensive reactions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2005; 29: 1313-1322.
34. Crack JC, Le Brun NE, Thomson AJ, Green J, Jervis AJ. Reactions of nitric oxide and oxygen with the regulator of fumarate and nitrate reduction, a global transcriptional regulator, during anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli. Methods Enzymol. 2008; 437: 191-209.
35. Szabó C. Physiological and pathophysiological roles of nitric oxide in the central nervous system. Brain Res Bull. 1996; 41: 131-141.
36. Christopherson KS, Bredt DS. Nitric oxide in excitable tissues: physiological roles and disease. J Clin Invest. 1997; 100: 2424-2429.
37. Shirasawa Y, Ikomi F, Ohhashi T. Physiological roles of endogenous nitric oxide in lymphatic pump activity of rat mesentery in vivo. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2000; 278: G551-G556.
38. Kousai A, Mizuno R, Ikomi F, Ohhashi T. ATP inhibits pump activity of lymph vessels via adenosine A1 receptor-mediated involvement of NO- and ATP-sensitive K+ channels. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004; 287: H2585-H2597.
39. Borhani AA, Houshmand G, Samini M, Namiranian K, Hajrasouliha AR, Tavakoli S, et al. Alpha2-Adrenoceptor subsensitivity in mesenteric vascular bed of cholestatic rats: the role of nitric oxide and endogenous opioids. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005; 514: 183-189.
40. Pannu R, Singh I. Pharmacological strategies for the regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase: neurodegenerative versus neuroprotective mechanisms. Neurochem Int. 2006; 49: 170-182.
41. Toda N, Ayajiki K, Okamura T. Cerebral blood flow regulation by nitric oxide: recent advances. Pharmacol Rev. 2009; 61: 62-97.
42. Saunders FD, Westphal M, Enkhbaatar P, Wang J, Pazdrak K, Nakano Y, et al. Molecular biological effects of selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibition in ovine lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 298: L427-L436.
43. Vanin AF, Mikoyan VD, Rubtsov NM, Kubrina LN. Autowave distribution of nitric oxide and its endogenous derivatives in biosystems strongly enhances their biological effects: A working hypothesis. Nitric Oxide. 2010; 23: 175-180.
44. Wink DA, Mitchel JB. Chemical biology of nitric oxide: insights into regulatory cytotoxic and cytoprotective mechanisms of nitric oxide. Free Radic Biol Med. 1998; 25: 434-456.
45. Liebmann J, Scherer J, Bibinov N, Rajasekaran P, Kovacs R, Gesche R, et al. Biological effects of nitric oxide generated by an atmospheric pressure gas-plasma on human skin cells. Nitric Oxide. 2011; 24: 8-16.
46. Yoshioka H, Asai S, Yoshioka M, Kobayashi M. Molecular mechanisms of generation for nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species, and role of the radical burst in plant immunity. Mol Cells. 2009; 28: 321-329.
47. Taylor CT, Moncada S. Nitric oxide, cytochrome C oxidase, and the cellular response to hypoxia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010; 30: 643-647.
48. Beckman JS. Oxidative damage and tyrosine nitration by peroxynitrite. Chem Res Toxicol. 1996; 9: 836-844.
49. Khan F, Siddiqui AA. Prevalence of anti-3-nitrotyrosine antibodies in the joint synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Chim Acta. 2006; 370: 100-107.
50. Watanabe N, Miura S, Zeki S, Ishii H. Hepatocellular oxidative DNA injury induced by macrophage-derived nitric oxide. Free Radic Biol Med. 2001; 30: 1019-1028.
51. Ohtsu N, Takaoka K, Segawa E, Hashitani S, Noguchi K, Kishimoto H, et al. Antitumor effects of inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase or cyclooxygenase-2 on human KB carcinoma cells overexpressing COX-2. Oncol Rep. 2010; 24: 31-36.
52. Lim S, Hung AC, Porter AG. Focused PCR screen reveals p53 dependence of nitric oxide-induced apoptosis and upregulation of maspin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in tumor cells. Mol Cancer Res. 2009; 7: 55-66.
53. Fang EF, Lin P, Wong JH, Tsao SW, Ng TB. A lectin with anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, antitumor, and nitric oxide inducing activities from seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris cv. extralong autumn purple bean. J Agric Food Chem. 2010; 58: 2221-2229.
54. Maksimovic-Ivanic D, Mijatovic S, Miljkovic D, Harhaji-Trajkovic L, Timotijevic G, Mojic M, et al. The antitumor properties of a nontoxic, nitric oxide-modified version of saquinavir are independent of Akt. Mol Cancer Ther. 2009; 8: 1169-1178.
55. Korde Choudhari S, Sridharan G, Gadbail A, Poornima V. Nitric oxide and oral cancer: A review. Oral Oncol. 2012; in press.
56. Michael PM. Nitric oxide and cell death. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999; 1411: 401-414.
57. Friederich M, Hansell P, Palm F. Diabetes, oxidative stress, nitric oxide and mitochondria function. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2009; 5: 120-144.
58. Blokhina O, Fagerstedt KV. Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in plant mitochondria: origin and redundant regulatory systems. Physiol Plant. 2010; 138: 447-462.
59. Chen K, Northington FJ, Martin LJ. Inducible nitric oxide synthase is present in motor neuron mitochondria and Schwann cells and contributes to disease mechanisms in ALS mice. Brain Struct Funct. 2010; 214: 219-234.
60. Scarlet JL, Packer MA, Porteous CM, Murphy MP. Alteration to glutathione and nicotinamide nucleotides during the mitochondrial permeability transition induced by peroxynitrite. Biochem Pharmacol. 1996; 52: 1047-1055.
61. Kuchukashvili Z, Burjanadze G, Menabde K, Chachua M, Dachanidze N, Mikadze M, et al. Long-lasting stress, quantitative changes in nitric oxide concentration and functional state of brain mitochondria. Acta Neurobiol Exp. 2012; 72: 40-50.
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01-04-2012
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“NITRIC OXIDE: ROLE IN HUMAN BIOLOGY”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 4, no. 2, Apr. 2012, pp. 105-9, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2012.040203.
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“NITRIC OXIDE: ROLE IN HUMAN BIOLOGY”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 4, no. 2, Apr. 2012, pp. 105-9, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2012.040203.
