TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF ROOT METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF STROBILANTHES HEYNEANUS NEES USING ALLIUM TEST
Abstract
Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of methanolic extract of the roots of Strobilanthes heyneanus Nees have been studied on the root meristem cells of Allium cepa. Roots of A. cepa were exposed to different concentrations (0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.5%) of the extract for ½, 1, 2 and 3 h. Mitotic index and chromosomal aberrations in the treated cells were analysed. Distilled water has been used as control. Mitotic index val¬ues were decreased with increasing concentrations and longer treatment durations compared to the control (p < 0.05) in dose and time dependent manner. Additionally, different abnormal mitotic figures were observed in all treatments. Among these abnormalities were nuclear and chromosome lesions, anaphase bridges, C-mitosis, pulverization, stathmo-anaphases, diagonal orientation, chromosome fragments etc. The total percentage of aberrations generally increased with increasing concentrations of the extract and longer durations of exposure. The observations of the present study are a clear indication of clastogenic and non-clastogenic property of the extract, which is evident from the direct actions on the chromosomes and manifestation of spindle abnormalities.
Keywords:
Allium cepa, Chromosomal aberrations, Clastogenic, Mitotic index, Strobilanthes heyneanusDOI
https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2013.050309References
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18. Duncan DB. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics 1955; 11: 1-42.
19. Sudhakar R, NingeGowda N, Venu G. Mitotic abnormalities induced by silk dyeing industry effluents in the cells of Allium cepa. Cytologia 2001; 66: 235–239.
20. Kabarity A, Mallalah G. Mitodepressive effect of Khat extract in the meristematic region of Allium cepa root tips. Cytologia 1980; 45: 733-738.
21. El-Ghamery AA, El-Nahas AI, Mansour MM. The action of atrazine herbicide as an inhibitor of cell division on chromosomes and nucleic acids content in root meristems of Allium cepa and Vicia faba, Cytologia 2000; 65: 277–287.
22. Akaneme FI, Amaefule CC. Evaluation of the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of aqueous leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. using the Allium test. J Med Plants Res. 2012; 6: 3898-3907.
23. Evandri MG, Tucci P, Bolle P. Toxicological evaluation of commercial mineral water bottled in polyethylene terephthalate: a cytogenetic approach with Allium cepa. Food Addit Contam. 2000; 17: 1037–1045.
24. Sakari K, Martti S, Pekka, V. Chromosome pulverization in blood diseases. Hereditas 1981; 95: 15-24.
25. Gernand D, Rutten T, Varshney A, Rubtsova, M, Prodanovic S, Bruss C, Kumlehn J, Matzk F, Houben A. Uniparental chromosome elimination at mitosis and interphase in wheat and pearl millet crosses involves micronucleus formation, progressive heterochromatinization and DNA fragmentation. Plant Cell 2005; 17: 2431-2438.
26. Caetano-Pereira CM, Pagliarini MS, Brasil EM. Cell fusion and chromatin degeneration in an inbred line of maize. Genet Mol Biol. 1999; 22: 69- 72.
27. Hall EJ, Garcia AJ. Radiobiology for the Radiologist, Edn 6, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2006, pp. 656.
28. Turkoglu S. Genotoxicity of five food preservatives tested on root tips of Allium cepa L. Mutat Res. 2007; 626: 4–14.
29. Gomurgen AN. Cytological effect of the herbicide 2,4-D isooctylester 48% on root mitosis of Allium cepa. Cytologia 2000; 65: 383-388.
30. Leme DM, Marin-Morales MA. Chromosome aberration and micronucleus frequencies in Allium cepa cells exposed to petroleum polluted water-a case study. Mutat Res. 2008; 650: 80-86.
31. Marcano L, Carruyo L, Del Campo A, Montiel X. Effect of cadmium on the nucleoli of meristematic cells of onion, Allium cepa L.: an ultrastructural study. Environ Res. 2002; 88: 30-35.
32. Mathur J, Chua NH. Microtubule stabilization leads to growth reorientation in Arabidopsis trichomes. Plant Cell 2000; 12: 465-478.
33. Waters J, Salmon ED. Pathways of spindle assembly. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1997; 9: 37-43.
34. Minija J, Tajo A, Thoppil JE. Mitoclastic properties of Mentha rotundifolia. L. J Cytol Genet. 1999; 34: 169-171.
35. Fiskesjo G. The Allium test as a standard in environmental monitoring. Hereditas 1985; 102: 99–112.
2. Sivarajan VV, Balachamdran I. Ayurvedic Drugs and Their Plant Sources. Oxford and IBH publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 1994, pp. 402-411.
3. Nair RB, Ravisankar B, Vijayan NP, Saraswathy VN, Sasikala CK. Anti-inflammatory effect of Strobilanthes heyneanus (Sahachara)-biochemical study. Bull Medico-Ethno-Bot Res. 1985; 6: 196-206.
4. Kumar A, Ilavarasan R, Jayachandran T, Deecaraman M, Aravindan P, Padmanabhan N, Krishan MRV. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of Strobilanthes heyneanus in alloxan induced diabetic rats. J Med Plants Res. 2008; 9: 246-249.
5. Konan NA, Bacchia EM, Lincopan N, Varelac SD, Varandac EA. Acute, subacute toxicity and genotoxic effects of a hydroethanolic extract of the Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). J Ethnopharmacol. 2007; 110: 30-38.
6. Sowemimo AA, Fakoya FA, Awopetu I, Omobuwajo OR, Adesanya SA. Toxicity and mutagenic activity of some selected Nigerian plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007; 113: 427-432.
7. Srivastava SR, Kesarwani S, Keshri G, Singh MM. Evaluation of contraceptive activity of a mineralo-herbal preparation in Sprague-Dawley rats. Contraception. 2005; 72: 454 – 458.
8. Amadi CN, Siminialayi IM, Orisakwe OE. Male infertility and herbal supplements: an update. Pharmacology. 2011; 2: 323–348.
9. Grant WF. Chromosome aberration assays in Allium. A report of the U. S. Environmental Pro¬tection Agency Gene-Tox Program. Mutat Res. 1982; 99: 273-291.
10. Smaka-Kinel V, Stegnar P, Lovka M, Toman MJ. The evaluation of waste, surface and ground water quality using the Allium test procedure. Mutat Res. 1996; 368: 171-179.
11. Fiskesjo G, Levan A. Evaluation of the first ten MEIC chemicals in the Allium test. ATLA. 1993; 21: 139-149.
12. Rank J. The method of Allium anaphase-telophase chromosome aberration assay. Ekologia 2003; 1: 38-42.
13. Kuras M, Nowakowska J, Sliwinska E, Pilarski R, Ilasz R, TykarskaT, Zobel A, Gulewicz K. Changes in chromosome structure, mitotic activity and nuclear DNA content from cells of Allium test induced by bark water extract of Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006; 107: 211-221.
14. El-Shabbaby OA, Abdel Migid HM, Soliman MI, Mashaly IA. Genotoxicity screening of industrial waste water using the Allium cepa chromosome aberration assay. Pak J Biol Sci. 2003; 6: 23-28.
15. Teixeira RO, Camparoto ML, Mantovani MS, Vicentini VEP. Assessment of two medicinal plants Psidium guajava L. and Achillea millefolium L., in in vitro and in vivo assays. Genet Mol Biol. 2003; 26: 551-555.
16. Sharma AK, Sharma A. Chromosome Technique – Theory and Practices, Edn 3, Butterworth, London, 1990.
17. Rekha K, Dharman, AK. Mitotic aberrations induced by sodium benzoate: a food additive in Allium cepa L. Plant Arch. 2011; 11: 945-947.
18. Duncan DB. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics 1955; 11: 1-42.
19. Sudhakar R, NingeGowda N, Venu G. Mitotic abnormalities induced by silk dyeing industry effluents in the cells of Allium cepa. Cytologia 2001; 66: 235–239.
20. Kabarity A, Mallalah G. Mitodepressive effect of Khat extract in the meristematic region of Allium cepa root tips. Cytologia 1980; 45: 733-738.
21. El-Ghamery AA, El-Nahas AI, Mansour MM. The action of atrazine herbicide as an inhibitor of cell division on chromosomes and nucleic acids content in root meristems of Allium cepa and Vicia faba, Cytologia 2000; 65: 277–287.
22. Akaneme FI, Amaefule CC. Evaluation of the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of aqueous leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. using the Allium test. J Med Plants Res. 2012; 6: 3898-3907.
23. Evandri MG, Tucci P, Bolle P. Toxicological evaluation of commercial mineral water bottled in polyethylene terephthalate: a cytogenetic approach with Allium cepa. Food Addit Contam. 2000; 17: 1037–1045.
24. Sakari K, Martti S, Pekka, V. Chromosome pulverization in blood diseases. Hereditas 1981; 95: 15-24.
25. Gernand D, Rutten T, Varshney A, Rubtsova, M, Prodanovic S, Bruss C, Kumlehn J, Matzk F, Houben A. Uniparental chromosome elimination at mitosis and interphase in wheat and pearl millet crosses involves micronucleus formation, progressive heterochromatinization and DNA fragmentation. Plant Cell 2005; 17: 2431-2438.
26. Caetano-Pereira CM, Pagliarini MS, Brasil EM. Cell fusion and chromatin degeneration in an inbred line of maize. Genet Mol Biol. 1999; 22: 69- 72.
27. Hall EJ, Garcia AJ. Radiobiology for the Radiologist, Edn 6, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2006, pp. 656.
28. Turkoglu S. Genotoxicity of five food preservatives tested on root tips of Allium cepa L. Mutat Res. 2007; 626: 4–14.
29. Gomurgen AN. Cytological effect of the herbicide 2,4-D isooctylester 48% on root mitosis of Allium cepa. Cytologia 2000; 65: 383-388.
30. Leme DM, Marin-Morales MA. Chromosome aberration and micronucleus frequencies in Allium cepa cells exposed to petroleum polluted water-a case study. Mutat Res. 2008; 650: 80-86.
31. Marcano L, Carruyo L, Del Campo A, Montiel X. Effect of cadmium on the nucleoli of meristematic cells of onion, Allium cepa L.: an ultrastructural study. Environ Res. 2002; 88: 30-35.
32. Mathur J, Chua NH. Microtubule stabilization leads to growth reorientation in Arabidopsis trichomes. Plant Cell 2000; 12: 465-478.
33. Waters J, Salmon ED. Pathways of spindle assembly. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1997; 9: 37-43.
34. Minija J, Tajo A, Thoppil JE. Mitoclastic properties of Mentha rotundifolia. L. J Cytol Genet. 1999; 34: 169-171.
35. Fiskesjo G. The Allium test as a standard in environmental monitoring. Hereditas 1985; 102: 99–112.
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01-07-2013
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“TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF ROOT METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF STROBILANTHES HEYNEANUS NEES USING ALLIUM TEST”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 5, no. 3, July 2013, pp. 125-8, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2013.050309.
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How to Cite
“TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF ROOT METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF STROBILANTHES HEYNEANUS NEES USING ALLIUM TEST”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 5, no. 3, July 2013, pp. 125-8, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2013.050309.
