GINGER AND MARSHMALLOW EXTRACTS CAN PROTECT AGAINST PYLORIC LIGATION-INDUCED PEPTIC ULCER IN RATS
Abstract
Gastric ulcer is one of the most serious diseases over wide the world. There are many drugs used for the treatment of gastric ulcer, but most of these produce several adverse reactions. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of extracts of Ginger and Marshmallow on pyloric ligation-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Animals were divided into 5 Groups; a normal control group, an ulcer control group, a standard treatment group receiving famotidine (20 mg/kg), and two treatment groups receiving Ginger (100 mg/kg) and Marshmallow (100 mg/kg). Treatments were given orally for 14 days. On the 15th day, animals were subjected to pyloric ligation except for the normal control group. Four hours later, rat stomachs were excised and gastric juice and blood samples were collected. Pyloric ligation caused significant elevations in ulcer number, ulcer index, gastric volume, titratble acidity, acid output, mucin content and peptic activity, accompanied by significant decreases in blood superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) activity and gastric mucosal nitric oxide (NO) and glutathione (GSH) contents. In addition, elevations in gastric mucosal lipid peroxide and histamine contents were observed. Pretreatment with famotidine, ginger or marshmallow significantly corrected all blood and tissue parameters by varying degrees. Famotidine, ginger and marshmallow may protect against pyloric ligation-induced peptic ulcer in rats, being promising for further clinical trials.
Keywords:
Famotidine, Ginger, Marshmallow, Peptic ulcer, Pyloric ligation, PretreatmentDOI
https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2015.070203References
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2. Taha AS, Hudson N, Hawkey CJ, Swannell AJ, Trye PN, Cottrell J, Mann SG, Simon TJ, Sturrock RD, Russell RI. Famotidine for the prevention of gastric and duodenal ulcers caused by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334(22):1435-1439
3. Ahirrao VK, Pawar RP. Simultaneous Quantification of Famotidine and Ibuprofen in Pharmaceutical Dosage by Using Validated Stability Indicating LC Method. Res J Pharm Sci. 2013; 2(4):1-9.
4. Qin Z, Chen C. Synergistic action of famotidine and chlorpheniramine on acetic acid-induced chronic gastric ulcer in rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2005; 11(45):7203-7207.
5. Sharma VN. Essentials of Pharmacology. Basic principles and general concepts. 3rd Edn, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, Bangalore. 2007, pp. 673.
6. Kumar MR, Niyas MK, Mani TT, Rahiman OMF, Kumar SB. A review on medicinal plants for peptic ulcer. Der Pharmacia Lettre. 2011; 3(3):414–420.
7. Yamahara J, Huang Q. Gastrointestinal motility enhancing effect of ginger and its active constituents. Chem Pharm Bull. 1990 Feb; 38(2): 430-1.
8. Stewart JJ, Wood MJ, Wood CD, Mims ME. Effects of ginger on motion sickness susceptibility and gastric function. Pharmacology 1991; 42:111-120.
9. Banerjee S, Mullick HI, Banerjee J. Zingiber officinale: A Natural Gold. Int J Pharm Bio Sci. 2011; 2(1):283-294.
10. Deters A, Zippel J, Hellenbrand N, Pappai D, Possemeyer C, Hensel A. Aqueous extracts and polysaccharides from Marshmallow roots (Althea officinalis L.): Cellular internalisation and stimulation of cell physiology of human epithelial cells in vitro. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010; 127:62-69.
11. Izzo AA, Di-Carlo G, Mascolo N, Autore G, Capasso F. Antiulcer effect of flavonoids, Role of endogenous PAF. Phytother Res. 1994; 29:87-93.
12. Hage-Sleiman R, Mroueh M, Daher CF. Pharmacological evaluation of aqueous extract of Althaea officinalis flower grown in Lebanon. Pharm Biol. 2011; 49(3):327-333.
13. Arun K, Ch VR, Vijayakumar M, Ayaz A, Naiyer S, Irfan KM. Anti-ulcerogenic and ulcer healing effects of Zingiber officinale (L.) On experimental ulcer models: possible mechanism for the inhibition of acid formation. Int J Pharm Res. 2010; 1(2):75-85.
14. Harborne JB. Phytochemical methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. Chapman and Hall, London, 2007; ISBN: 81–8128–410–4, pp. 1–34.
15. Singh AP, Shukla V, Khare P. Effects of plumeria obtusa linn. in peptic ulcer induced by pylorus ligation & indomethacin. J Pharm Sci Innov. 2012; 26-32.
16. Bharti S, Wahane VD, Kumar VL. Protective effect of Calotropis procera latex extracts on experimentally induced gastric ulcers in rat. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010; 127:440-444.
17. Suleyman B, Halici Z, Odabasoglu F, Gocer F. The effect of Lacidipine on Indomethacin induced ulcer in rats. Int J Pharmacol. 2012; 8(2):115-121.
18. El-Abhar HS, Hammad LN, Abdel Gawad HS. Modulating effect of ginger extract on rats with ulcerative colitis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008; 118:367-372.
19. Shay H, Komarow SA, Fels SS, Meranze D, Gruenstein M, Siplet H. A simple method for the uniform production of gastric ulceration in the rat. Gastroenterology 1945; 5:43-61.
20. Pendley CE, Fitzpatrick LR, Ewing RW, Molino BF, Martin GE. The gastrin/cholecystokinin-B receptor antagonist L-365,260 reduces basal acid secretion and prevents gastrointestinal damage induced by aspirin, ethanol and cysteamine in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1993; 265:1348-1354.
21. Khayyal MT, El-Ghazaly MA, Kenawy SA, Seif-El-Nasr M, Mahran LG, Kafafi YA, Okpanyi SN. Antiulcenogenic effect of some gastro intestinally acting plant extracts and their combination. Arzneimittel-forschung. 2001; 51(7):545-553.
22. Cho CH, Olge CW. Cholinergic mediated gastric mast cells degranulation with subsequent histamine H1 and H2 receptors activation in stress ulceration in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 1979; 55:23-33.
23. Hano J, Bugajski J, Danek L, Wantuch C. The effect of neuroleptics on the development of gastric ulcers in rats exposed to restraint cold stress. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm. 1976; 28:37-47.
24. Shay H, Sun DCH, Gruenstein M. A quantitative method for measuring spontaneous gastric secretion in the rat. Gastroenterology 1954; 26:906-913.
25. Grossman MI. Physiology for physician. A monthly Publication of the American Physiological Society 1963; 1:1-5.
26. Brodie DA, Hooke KF. The effect of vasoactive agents on stress-induced gastric hemorrhage in the rat. Digestion 1971; 4:193-204.
27. Jorgensen MB. A modified method for the determination of pepsinogen in urine (uropepsin). Scand J Clin Invest. 1954; 6:303-306.
28. Winzler RJ. Determination of serum glycoproteins. In: Methods of Biochemical Analysis, (ed: Glick, D.P.), Interscience Publishers, New York, NY, USA, 1955, pp. 279-311.
29. Demoly P, Lebel B, Messaad D, Sahla H, Rongier M, Daures JP, Godard P, Bousquet J. Predictive capacity of histamine release for the diagnosis of drug allergy. Allergy 1999; 54:500-506.
30. Wiley J. In: Biochemical Pathways: An atlas of biochemistry and molecular biology (G. Michael ed), New york, 1999, pp. 246.
31. Anderson ME. Glutathione in Free radicals: A Practical Approach (Punchard, N., Kelly, F.J., Ed.) Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 1996, pp. 213-226.
32. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, New York. 1999.
33. Li LF, Kao KC, Yang CT, Huang CC, Liu YY. Ethyl Pyruvate Reduces Ventilation-Induced Neutrophil Infiltration and Oxidative Stress. Exp Biol Med. 2012; 237(6):720-807.
34. Brindeiro CM, Lane PH, Carmines PK. Tempol Prevents Altered K+ Channel Regulation of Afferent Arteriolar Tone in Diabetic Rat Kidney. Hypertension 2012; 59(3):657-664.
35. Kendrick KM, Guevara-Guzman R, Zorrilla J, Hinton MR, Broad KD, Mimmack M, Ohkura S. Formation of olfactory memories mediated by nitric oxide. Nature 1997; 388:670-674.
36. Connell BJ, Saleh MC, Khan BV, Rajagopal D, Saleh TM. UPEI-100, A Conjugate of Lipoic Acid and Apocynin, Mediates Neuroprotection in a Rat Model of Ischemia/Reperfusion. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2012; 302(7):866-895.
37. Zhang Z, Zhang W, Jung DY, Ko HJ, Lee Y, Friedline RH, Lee E, Jun J, Ma Z, Kim F, Tsitsilianos N, Chapman K, Morrison A, Cooper MP, Miller BA, Kim JK. TRPM2 Ca2+ Channel Regulates Energy Balance and Glucose Metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2012; 302(7):807-816.
38. Drury RA, Wallington EA. Carleton's Histological Techniques., 6th edition, Oxford University Press, London, 1980, pp. 183.
39. Ali BH, Blunden G, Tanira MO, Nemmar A. Some Phytochemical, Pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), a review of recent research, Food Chem Toxicol. 2008; 46:409-420.
40. Al-Snafi AE. The Pharmaceutical Importance of Althaea Officinalis and Althaea Rosea: A Review. Int J Pharm Techno Res. 2013; 5(3):1378-85.
41. Bhalke RD, Giri MA, Anarthe SJ, Pal SC. Antiulcer activity of the ethanol extract of leaves of Sesbania grandiflora (linn.). Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2010; 2(4):206-208.
42. Malash AM, Abdallah DM, Agha AM, Kenawy SA. Gastroprotective Efficacy of Coenzyme Q10 in Indomethacin-Induced Gastropathy: Other Potential Mechanisms. Hindawi Publishing Corporation, Ulcers. 2012; Article ID 957898: 7 pages.
43. Rastogi L, Patnaik GK, Dikshit M. Free radicals and antioxidant status following pylorus ligation induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. Pharmacol Res. 1998; 38(2):125-132.
44. Bafna PA, Balaraman R. Effect of activit, a herbomineral formulation, on experimentally-induced gastric lesions in rats. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2011; 1(10):134-139.
45. Sairam K, Rao CV, Dora Babu M, Vijay Kumar K, Agrawal VK, Goel RK. Antiulcerogenic effect of methanolic extract of Emblica officinalis: an experimentally study. J Ethanopharmacol. 2002; 82(1):1-9.
46. Suleyman H, Cadirci E, Albayrak A, Polat B, Halici Z, Koc F, Hacimuftuoglu A, Bayir Y. Comparative study on the gastroprotective potential of some antidepressants in indomethacin-induced ulcer in rats. Chem Biol Interact. 2009; 180:318-324.
47. Halliwell B. Antioxidant characterization: methodology and mechanism. Biochem Pharmacol. 1995; 49:1341-1348.
48. Samini M, Moezi L, Jabarizadeh N, Tavakolifar B, Shafaroodi H, Dehpour A. Evidences for involvement of nitric oxide in the gastroprotective effect of bromocriptine and cyclosporin A on water immersion stress-induced gastric lesions. Pharmacol Res. 2002; 46(6):519-523.
49. Tsukimi Y, Okabe S. Recent advances in gastrointestinal pathophysiology: role of heat shock proteins in mucosal defense and ulcer healing. Biol Pharm Bull. 2001; 24(1):1-9.
50. Abdallah IZA, Khattab HAH, Heeba GH. Gastroprotective Effect of Cordia Myxa L. Fruit Extract against Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Ulceration in Rats. Life Sci J. 2011; 8(3):433-445.
51. Nabavizadeh F, Alizadeh AM, Adeli S, Golestan M, Moloudian H, Kamalinejad M. Gastroprotective effects of Stachys Lavandulifolia extract on experimental gastric ulcer. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2011; 5(2):155-159.
52. Salim AS. The role of vagal adrenergic activity in the mechanism of gastric acid secretion after pylorus-ligation in the rat. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1989; 41:566-568.
53. Andersson K, Chen D, Mattsson H, Sundler F, Håkanson R. Physiological significance of ECL-cell histamine. Yale J Biol Med. 1998; 71:183-193.
54. Ramachandran S, Poovi G, Dhanaraju MD. Evaluation of Gastric and Duodenal Antiulcer Activity of Famotidine Formulation in Experimental Animals. J Pharmacol Toxicol. 2011; 6(2):189-195.
55. Dursun H, Bilici M, Albayrak F, Ozturk C, Saglam MB, Alp HH, Suleyman H. Antiulcer activity of fluvoxamine in rats and its effect on oxidant and antioxidant parameters in stomach tissue. BMC Gastroenterology 2009; 9: 36.
56. Cadirci E, Suleyman H, Aksoy H, Halici Z, Ozgen U, Koc A, Ozturk N. Effects of Onosma armeniacum root extract on ethanol induced oxidative stress in stomach tissue of rats. Chem Biol Interact. 2007; 170:40-48.
57. Lapenna D, De Gioia S, Mezzetti A, Grossi L, Festi D, Marzio L, Cuccurullo F. H2-receptor antagonists are scavengers of oxygen radicals. Eur J Clin Invest. 1994; 24:476-481.
58. Al-Yahya MA, Rafatullah S, Mossa JS, Ageel AM, Parmar NS, Tariq M. Gastroprotective activity of ginger (zingiber officinale rosc) in albino rats. Am J Chin Med. 1989; 17(1-2):51-56.
59. Mishra RK, Kumar A, Kumar A. Review Article: Pharmacological Activity of Zingiber Officinale. Int J Pharm Chem Sci. 2012; 1(3):1073-1078.
60. Wattanathorn J, Jittiwat J, Tongun TH, Muchimapura S, Ingkaninan K. Zingiber officinale Mitigates Brain Damage and Improves Memory Impairment in Focal Cerebral Ischemic Rat. Hindawi Publishing Corporation, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2011; Article ID 429505: 8 pages.
61. Farzaei MH, Rahimi R, Abbasabadi Z, Abdollahi M. An Evidence-based Review on Medicinal Plants used for the Treatment of Peptic Ulcer in Traditional Iranian Medicine. Int J Pharmacol. 2013; 9(2):108-124.
2. Taha AS, Hudson N, Hawkey CJ, Swannell AJ, Trye PN, Cottrell J, Mann SG, Simon TJ, Sturrock RD, Russell RI. Famotidine for the prevention of gastric and duodenal ulcers caused by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334(22):1435-1439
3. Ahirrao VK, Pawar RP. Simultaneous Quantification of Famotidine and Ibuprofen in Pharmaceutical Dosage by Using Validated Stability Indicating LC Method. Res J Pharm Sci. 2013; 2(4):1-9.
4. Qin Z, Chen C. Synergistic action of famotidine and chlorpheniramine on acetic acid-induced chronic gastric ulcer in rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2005; 11(45):7203-7207.
5. Sharma VN. Essentials of Pharmacology. Basic principles and general concepts. 3rd Edn, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, Bangalore. 2007, pp. 673.
6. Kumar MR, Niyas MK, Mani TT, Rahiman OMF, Kumar SB. A review on medicinal plants for peptic ulcer. Der Pharmacia Lettre. 2011; 3(3):414–420.
7. Yamahara J, Huang Q. Gastrointestinal motility enhancing effect of ginger and its active constituents. Chem Pharm Bull. 1990 Feb; 38(2): 430-1.
8. Stewart JJ, Wood MJ, Wood CD, Mims ME. Effects of ginger on motion sickness susceptibility and gastric function. Pharmacology 1991; 42:111-120.
9. Banerjee S, Mullick HI, Banerjee J. Zingiber officinale: A Natural Gold. Int J Pharm Bio Sci. 2011; 2(1):283-294.
10. Deters A, Zippel J, Hellenbrand N, Pappai D, Possemeyer C, Hensel A. Aqueous extracts and polysaccharides from Marshmallow roots (Althea officinalis L.): Cellular internalisation and stimulation of cell physiology of human epithelial cells in vitro. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010; 127:62-69.
11. Izzo AA, Di-Carlo G, Mascolo N, Autore G, Capasso F. Antiulcer effect of flavonoids, Role of endogenous PAF. Phytother Res. 1994; 29:87-93.
12. Hage-Sleiman R, Mroueh M, Daher CF. Pharmacological evaluation of aqueous extract of Althaea officinalis flower grown in Lebanon. Pharm Biol. 2011; 49(3):327-333.
13. Arun K, Ch VR, Vijayakumar M, Ayaz A, Naiyer S, Irfan KM. Anti-ulcerogenic and ulcer healing effects of Zingiber officinale (L.) On experimental ulcer models: possible mechanism for the inhibition of acid formation. Int J Pharm Res. 2010; 1(2):75-85.
14. Harborne JB. Phytochemical methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. Chapman and Hall, London, 2007; ISBN: 81–8128–410–4, pp. 1–34.
15. Singh AP, Shukla V, Khare P. Effects of plumeria obtusa linn. in peptic ulcer induced by pylorus ligation & indomethacin. J Pharm Sci Innov. 2012; 26-32.
16. Bharti S, Wahane VD, Kumar VL. Protective effect of Calotropis procera latex extracts on experimentally induced gastric ulcers in rat. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010; 127:440-444.
17. Suleyman B, Halici Z, Odabasoglu F, Gocer F. The effect of Lacidipine on Indomethacin induced ulcer in rats. Int J Pharmacol. 2012; 8(2):115-121.
18. El-Abhar HS, Hammad LN, Abdel Gawad HS. Modulating effect of ginger extract on rats with ulcerative colitis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008; 118:367-372.
19. Shay H, Komarow SA, Fels SS, Meranze D, Gruenstein M, Siplet H. A simple method for the uniform production of gastric ulceration in the rat. Gastroenterology 1945; 5:43-61.
20. Pendley CE, Fitzpatrick LR, Ewing RW, Molino BF, Martin GE. The gastrin/cholecystokinin-B receptor antagonist L-365,260 reduces basal acid secretion and prevents gastrointestinal damage induced by aspirin, ethanol and cysteamine in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1993; 265:1348-1354.
21. Khayyal MT, El-Ghazaly MA, Kenawy SA, Seif-El-Nasr M, Mahran LG, Kafafi YA, Okpanyi SN. Antiulcenogenic effect of some gastro intestinally acting plant extracts and their combination. Arzneimittel-forschung. 2001; 51(7):545-553.
22. Cho CH, Olge CW. Cholinergic mediated gastric mast cells degranulation with subsequent histamine H1 and H2 receptors activation in stress ulceration in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 1979; 55:23-33.
23. Hano J, Bugajski J, Danek L, Wantuch C. The effect of neuroleptics on the development of gastric ulcers in rats exposed to restraint cold stress. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm. 1976; 28:37-47.
24. Shay H, Sun DCH, Gruenstein M. A quantitative method for measuring spontaneous gastric secretion in the rat. Gastroenterology 1954; 26:906-913.
25. Grossman MI. Physiology for physician. A monthly Publication of the American Physiological Society 1963; 1:1-5.
26. Brodie DA, Hooke KF. The effect of vasoactive agents on stress-induced gastric hemorrhage in the rat. Digestion 1971; 4:193-204.
27. Jorgensen MB. A modified method for the determination of pepsinogen in urine (uropepsin). Scand J Clin Invest. 1954; 6:303-306.
28. Winzler RJ. Determination of serum glycoproteins. In: Methods of Biochemical Analysis, (ed: Glick, D.P.), Interscience Publishers, New York, NY, USA, 1955, pp. 279-311.
29. Demoly P, Lebel B, Messaad D, Sahla H, Rongier M, Daures JP, Godard P, Bousquet J. Predictive capacity of histamine release for the diagnosis of drug allergy. Allergy 1999; 54:500-506.
30. Wiley J. In: Biochemical Pathways: An atlas of biochemistry and molecular biology (G. Michael ed), New york, 1999, pp. 246.
31. Anderson ME. Glutathione in Free radicals: A Practical Approach (Punchard, N., Kelly, F.J., Ed.) Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 1996, pp. 213-226.
32. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, New York. 1999.
33. Li LF, Kao KC, Yang CT, Huang CC, Liu YY. Ethyl Pyruvate Reduces Ventilation-Induced Neutrophil Infiltration and Oxidative Stress. Exp Biol Med. 2012; 237(6):720-807.
34. Brindeiro CM, Lane PH, Carmines PK. Tempol Prevents Altered K+ Channel Regulation of Afferent Arteriolar Tone in Diabetic Rat Kidney. Hypertension 2012; 59(3):657-664.
35. Kendrick KM, Guevara-Guzman R, Zorrilla J, Hinton MR, Broad KD, Mimmack M, Ohkura S. Formation of olfactory memories mediated by nitric oxide. Nature 1997; 388:670-674.
36. Connell BJ, Saleh MC, Khan BV, Rajagopal D, Saleh TM. UPEI-100, A Conjugate of Lipoic Acid and Apocynin, Mediates Neuroprotection in a Rat Model of Ischemia/Reperfusion. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2012; 302(7):866-895.
37. Zhang Z, Zhang W, Jung DY, Ko HJ, Lee Y, Friedline RH, Lee E, Jun J, Ma Z, Kim F, Tsitsilianos N, Chapman K, Morrison A, Cooper MP, Miller BA, Kim JK. TRPM2 Ca2+ Channel Regulates Energy Balance and Glucose Metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2012; 302(7):807-816.
38. Drury RA, Wallington EA. Carleton's Histological Techniques., 6th edition, Oxford University Press, London, 1980, pp. 183.
39. Ali BH, Blunden G, Tanira MO, Nemmar A. Some Phytochemical, Pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), a review of recent research, Food Chem Toxicol. 2008; 46:409-420.
40. Al-Snafi AE. The Pharmaceutical Importance of Althaea Officinalis and Althaea Rosea: A Review. Int J Pharm Techno Res. 2013; 5(3):1378-85.
41. Bhalke RD, Giri MA, Anarthe SJ, Pal SC. Antiulcer activity of the ethanol extract of leaves of Sesbania grandiflora (linn.). Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2010; 2(4):206-208.
42. Malash AM, Abdallah DM, Agha AM, Kenawy SA. Gastroprotective Efficacy of Coenzyme Q10 in Indomethacin-Induced Gastropathy: Other Potential Mechanisms. Hindawi Publishing Corporation, Ulcers. 2012; Article ID 957898: 7 pages.
43. Rastogi L, Patnaik GK, Dikshit M. Free radicals and antioxidant status following pylorus ligation induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. Pharmacol Res. 1998; 38(2):125-132.
44. Bafna PA, Balaraman R. Effect of activit, a herbomineral formulation, on experimentally-induced gastric lesions in rats. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2011; 1(10):134-139.
45. Sairam K, Rao CV, Dora Babu M, Vijay Kumar K, Agrawal VK, Goel RK. Antiulcerogenic effect of methanolic extract of Emblica officinalis: an experimentally study. J Ethanopharmacol. 2002; 82(1):1-9.
46. Suleyman H, Cadirci E, Albayrak A, Polat B, Halici Z, Koc F, Hacimuftuoglu A, Bayir Y. Comparative study on the gastroprotective potential of some antidepressants in indomethacin-induced ulcer in rats. Chem Biol Interact. 2009; 180:318-324.
47. Halliwell B. Antioxidant characterization: methodology and mechanism. Biochem Pharmacol. 1995; 49:1341-1348.
48. Samini M, Moezi L, Jabarizadeh N, Tavakolifar B, Shafaroodi H, Dehpour A. Evidences for involvement of nitric oxide in the gastroprotective effect of bromocriptine and cyclosporin A on water immersion stress-induced gastric lesions. Pharmacol Res. 2002; 46(6):519-523.
49. Tsukimi Y, Okabe S. Recent advances in gastrointestinal pathophysiology: role of heat shock proteins in mucosal defense and ulcer healing. Biol Pharm Bull. 2001; 24(1):1-9.
50. Abdallah IZA, Khattab HAH, Heeba GH. Gastroprotective Effect of Cordia Myxa L. Fruit Extract against Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Ulceration in Rats. Life Sci J. 2011; 8(3):433-445.
51. Nabavizadeh F, Alizadeh AM, Adeli S, Golestan M, Moloudian H, Kamalinejad M. Gastroprotective effects of Stachys Lavandulifolia extract on experimental gastric ulcer. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2011; 5(2):155-159.
52. Salim AS. The role of vagal adrenergic activity in the mechanism of gastric acid secretion after pylorus-ligation in the rat. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1989; 41:566-568.
53. Andersson K, Chen D, Mattsson H, Sundler F, Håkanson R. Physiological significance of ECL-cell histamine. Yale J Biol Med. 1998; 71:183-193.
54. Ramachandran S, Poovi G, Dhanaraju MD. Evaluation of Gastric and Duodenal Antiulcer Activity of Famotidine Formulation in Experimental Animals. J Pharmacol Toxicol. 2011; 6(2):189-195.
55. Dursun H, Bilici M, Albayrak F, Ozturk C, Saglam MB, Alp HH, Suleyman H. Antiulcer activity of fluvoxamine in rats and its effect on oxidant and antioxidant parameters in stomach tissue. BMC Gastroenterology 2009; 9: 36.
56. Cadirci E, Suleyman H, Aksoy H, Halici Z, Ozgen U, Koc A, Ozturk N. Effects of Onosma armeniacum root extract on ethanol induced oxidative stress in stomach tissue of rats. Chem Biol Interact. 2007; 170:40-48.
57. Lapenna D, De Gioia S, Mezzetti A, Grossi L, Festi D, Marzio L, Cuccurullo F. H2-receptor antagonists are scavengers of oxygen radicals. Eur J Clin Invest. 1994; 24:476-481.
58. Al-Yahya MA, Rafatullah S, Mossa JS, Ageel AM, Parmar NS, Tariq M. Gastroprotective activity of ginger (zingiber officinale rosc) in albino rats. Am J Chin Med. 1989; 17(1-2):51-56.
59. Mishra RK, Kumar A, Kumar A. Review Article: Pharmacological Activity of Zingiber Officinale. Int J Pharm Chem Sci. 2012; 1(3):1073-1078.
60. Wattanathorn J, Jittiwat J, Tongun TH, Muchimapura S, Ingkaninan K. Zingiber officinale Mitigates Brain Damage and Improves Memory Impairment in Focal Cerebral Ischemic Rat. Hindawi Publishing Corporation, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2011; Article ID 429505: 8 pages.
61. Farzaei MH, Rahimi R, Abbasabadi Z, Abdollahi M. An Evidence-based Review on Medicinal Plants used for the Treatment of Peptic Ulcer in Traditional Iranian Medicine. Int J Pharmacol. 2013; 9(2):108-124.
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“GINGER AND MARSHMALLOW EXTRACTS CAN PROTECT AGAINST PYLORIC LIGATION-INDUCED PEPTIC ULCER IN RATS”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 7, no. 2, Mar. 2015, pp. 143-50, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2015.070203.
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Copyright (c) 2015 Sameh S. Zaghlool, Basim A. Shehata, Ali A. Abo-Seif, Hekma A. Abd El-Latif
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How to Cite
“GINGER AND MARSHMALLOW EXTRACTS CAN PROTECT AGAINST PYLORIC LIGATION-INDUCED PEPTIC ULCER IN RATS”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 7, no. 2, Mar. 2015, pp. 143-50, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2015.070203.
