ANTIDIABETIC, ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC AND RENAL PROTECTIVE ACTIVITIES OF GARCINIA INDICA LINN. CLUSIACEAE
Abstract
To investigate the antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and renal protective activities of the aqueous and ethanol extract of Garcinia indica fruit rinds against alloxan induced diabetes in rats. Wistar rats were made diabetic by a single dose of alloxan hydrate [130 mg/kg i.p.]. After the successful induction of experimental diabetes, rats were divided into five groups each comprising a minimum of six rats. The effects of extracts and glibenclamide on fasting blood glucose, plasma lipid levels and renal profile were examined for 21 days. Blood glucose levels and biochemical parameters such as serum cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, urea and creatinine levels of rats were measured using on weekly intervals i.e day 0, 7, 14 and 21 after daily administration of all extracts at dose of 500 mg/kg. Statistical analysis was performed using Dunnett’s test. p<0.01 was taken as the criterion of significance. Oral administration of both aqueous and ethanol extract for 21 days caused a significant [p<0.01] reduction in blood glucose levels, lipid profile except HDL; urea and creatinine in diabetic rats. Garcinia indica fruit rind possesses antihyperglycemic activity as well improves total lipid levels and renal profile. It can justify folklore uses of the plant in diabetes.
Keywords:
Alloxan hydrate, antihyperglycemic, lipid profile, renal profileDOI
https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2018.100107References
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2. Kritikar KR, Basu BD. Indian medicinal plants. 2nd ed. Basu LM, editor. Allahabad; 1991.
3. Sheth AK. The Herbs of Ayurveda. 1st ed. Bhavnagar; 2006.
4. Peter KV. Handbook of Herbs and Spices Raton B, editor. USA: CRC Press; 2001.
5. Wildman R E C. Handbook of Neutraceuticals and Functional Foods Raton B, editor. USA: CRC Press; 2001.
6. Varalakshmi KN. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of Garcinia indica fruit rind extract. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences. 2010; 7(6): 652-656.
7. Mishra A, Bapat MM, Tilak JC, Devasagayam TPA. Antioxidant activity of Garcinia indica (kokam) and its syrup. Current science. 2006; 91(1): 90.
8. Rawari RK. In vitro antioxidant properties of Garcinia indica fruit rind extract. Journal pharmaceutical and scientific innovation. 2013; 2(3): 9-12.
9. Panda V. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of Garcinia indica fruit rind in ethanol induced hepatic damage in rodents. Interdisciplinary Toxicology. 2012; 5(4): 207-213.
10. Deore AB, Sapakal VD, Dashputre NL, Naikwade NS. Antiulcer activity of Garcinia indica linn fruit rinds. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2011; 1(5): 151-154.
11. Dhamija I, Parle M, Kumar S. Antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of Garcinia indica fruit rind via monoaminergic pathway. Journal of Biotechnology. 2017; 3(7): 131.
12. Sang S, Liao CH, Pan MH, Rosen RT, Shiau SYL, Lin JK, Ho CT. Chemical studies on antioxidant mechanism of garcinol: analysis of radical reaction products of garcinol with peroxylradicals and their antitumor activities. Tetrahedron. 2002; 58: 10095–10102.
13. Gurusamy K, Rangesh kumar VD, Virndha CA. Cardioprotective activity of Garcinia indica linn. Fruit extract on isoprenaline hydrochloride induced cardiotoxicity in rats. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2013; 5(4):242-245.
14. Khan S, Sonar PK, Saraf SA, Saraf SK, Javed SA. Immunomodulatory Activity of Fruit Rinds of Garcinia indica (Family Guttiferae) on Swiss Albino Mouse Model. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. 2015; 6(4): 774-777.
15. Rao RN, Sakariah KK. Lipid-lowering and antiobesity effect of (-) hydroxycitric acid. Nutrition Research. 1988; 8: 209-212.
16. Yamaguchi F, Saito M, Ariga T, Yoshimura Y, Nakazawa H. Free radical scavenging activity and antiulcer activity of garcinol from Garcinia indica fruit rind. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000; 48:2320-2325.
17. Krishnamurthy N, Lewis YS, Ravindranath, B. Chemical constitution of Kokum fruit – rind. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 1982; 19:97-100.
18. Padhye S, Ahmad A, Oswal N, Sarkar FH. Emerging role of Garcinol, the antioxidant chalcone from Garcinia indica Choisy and its synthetic analogs. Journal of Hematology & Oncology. 2009; 2:38-51.
19. Jena BS, Jayaprakasha GK, Singh RP, Sakariah KK. Chemistry and biochemistry of (–)-hydroxycitric acid from Garcinia. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002; 50(1):10-22.
20. Jayaprakasha GK, Sakariah KK. Determination of organic acids in leaves and rinds of Garcinia indica (Desr.) by LC. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2002; 28: 379-384.
21. Singh T, Kasture SB, Mohanty PK, Jaliwala Y, Karchuli MS. In Vitro antioxidative activity of phenolic and flavonoid compounds extracted from fruit of Garcinia indica. International Journal of Pharmacy and Life Sciences. 2011; 2(3): 613-616.
22. Nagendra K, Kusum R, Ramachandran HD. Review: Garcinia indica an overview of the phytochemistry and applications. International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research and Publications. 2015; 1(2):39-41.
23. Burton ES, Schneider DJ. Management of diabetes and heart disease. 1st ed. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2002.
24. Banerjee RK, Bandyopadhyay U, Das D. Reactive oxygen species: Oxidative damage and pathogenesis. Current Science. 1999; 77(5):658-666.
25. Baynes JW. Role of oxidative stress in development of complications in diabetes. Diabetes. 1991; 40:405-412.
26. Bowers LD. Kinetic serum creatinine assays I. The role of various factors in determining specificity. Clinical Chemistry. 1980; 26:551-554.
27. Braunwald E, Zipes DP, Libby P. Braunwald’s Heart disease: Textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 10th ed.: W.B. Saunders; 2004.
28. King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995–2025. Prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes care. 1998; 21:1414-1431.
29. Vats V, Yadav SP. Effect of T. foenum graecum on glycogen content of tissues and the key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003; 85: 237-242.
30. Brunton LL, Parker KL, Blumenthal DK, Buxton LO. Insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents and pharmacology of endocrine pancreas. In Brunton LL PKBDaBL. Goodman and Gillman’s Manual of pharmacology and therapeutics.: The McGraw- Hill Companies; 2008. pp. 1048-1068.
31. Katzung BG. Pancreatic hormone and antidiabetic drugs. In Katzung BG. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology. 10th ed. USA: McGraw Hill; 2007. pp. 683-708.
32. Anitha B, Mohan VR, Athiperumalsami T, Suthaa S. Ethnomedicinal plants used by the kanikkars of Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu, India to treat skin diseases. Ethnobotanical leaflets. 2008; 12:171-180.
33. Kesari AN, Gupta RK, Singh SK, Diwakar S, Watal G. Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activity of Aegle marmelos seed extracts in normal and diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2006; 107:374-379.
34. Sasaki R, Nishimura N, Hoshino H, Isa Y, Kadowaki M, Ichi T. Cyanidin 3-glucoside ameliorates hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity due to downregulation of retinal binding protein 4 expression in diabetic mice. Biochemical Pharmacology - Journal. 2007; 74(11): 1619-1627.
35. Khandelwal KR. Preliminary phytochemical screening. Practical Pharmacognocy: Techniques and Experiments. 19th ed. Pune: Nirali Publisher; 2008.
36. OECD. Guideline 425: Acute Oral Toxicity. Environmental health and safety monograph series on testing and assessment No. 24; 2001.
37. Katsumata K, Katsumata K, Katsumata Y. Protective effect of diltiazem hydrochloride on the occurrence of alloxan or streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats. Hormone and Metabolic Research - Journals. 1992; 24:508-510.
38. Szkudelski T, Kandulska K, Okulicz M. Alloxan in vivo does not only exert deleterious effects on pancreatic B cells. Physiological Research. 1998; 47:343-348.
39. Szkudelski T. The Mechanism of Alloxan and Streptozotocin Action in B Cells of the Rat Pancreas. Physiological Research. 2001; 50:536-546.
40. Kannur DM. Antidiabetic activity of Caesalpinia bonducella seed extracts in rats. Fitoterapia. 2006; 77:546-549.
41. Kliber A, Szkudelski T, Chichlowska J. Alloxan stimulation and subsequent inhibition of insulin release rom in situ perfused rat pancreas. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 1996; 47:321-328.
42. Sushruta K, Satyanarayana S, Srinivas N. Evaluation of the blood-glucose reducing effects of aqueous extracts of the selected umbelliferous fruits used in culinary practices. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2006; 5(2):613-618.
43. Gurusamy K, Kumar VDR. Antioxidant Effect of Garcinia indica Linn Fruit Extract against Isoprenaline Hydrochloride Induced Myocardial Necrosis in Rats. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research. 2014; 6(3):220-223.
44. Nobuyuki T, Takayuki A, Ichiro K, Yoshitaka N, Takashi Y. Alloxan-induced DNA strand breaks in pancreatic islets; evidence for H2O2 as an intermediate. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1991; 266(4):2112-2114.
45. Blasiak J, Sikora A, Czechowska A, Drzewoski J. Free radical scavengers can modulate the DNA-damaging action of alloxan. Act Biochimica polonica. 2003; 50(1):205-210.
46. Sakurai K, Katoh M, Someno K, Fujimoto Y. Apoptosis and mitochondrial damage in INS-1 cells treated with alloxan. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2001; 24:876-882.
47. Srinivasan K, Ramarao P. Animal models in type 2 diabetes research: an overview. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2007; 125:451-472.
48. Glugliano D, Eriello A, Paolosso G. Oxidative stress and diabetic vascular complications. Diabetes Care. 1996; 19:257-267.
49. Mustafa A, Didem DO, Nilufer OES, Erdem Y. In vivo antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of Helichrysum plicatum ssp. plicatum capitulums in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2007; 109:54-59.
50. Deore AB, Sapakal VD, Naikwade NS. Role of oxidative stress in pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. Pharmacologyonline. 2011; 2:603-621.
51. Maritim AC, Sanders RA, Watkins JB 3rd. Diabetes, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: A Review. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology. 2003; 17:24-37.
52. Meinders AE, Kuyvenhoven JP. Review article Oxidative stress and diabetes mellitus Pathogenesis of long-term complications. European Journal of Internal Medicine. 1999; 10:9-19.
53. Ravi Kumar MNV, Venkat Ratnam D, Ankola DD, Bhardwaj V, Sahana DK. Role of antioxidants in prophylaxis and therapy: A pharmaceutical perspective. Journal of Controlled Release. 2006; 113:189-207.
54. Kaneto H, Kajimoto Y, Fujitani Y, Matsuoka T, Sakamoto K, Matsuhisa M. Oxidative stress induces p21 expression in pancreatic islet cells: Possible implication in beta-cell dysfunction. Diabetologia. 1999; 42:1093-1097.
55. Panda V, Ashar H, Srinath S. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of Garcinia indica fruit rind in ethanol induced hepatic damage in rodents. Interdisciplinary Toxicology. 2012; 5(4): 207–213.
56. Punitha R. Manoharan S. Antihyperglycemic and antilipidperoxidative effects of Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Pierre flowers in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2006; 10(5): 39-46.
57. Bajaj JS. Diabetes care for the millions; a challenge for the next millennium Baba S KT, editor. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica; 1995.
58. John AA. Davidsons Principle and practice of medicine. 19th ed. London: Churchill livingstone; 2002.
59. Kumar P, Clark M. Clinical medicine. 5th ed. London: W B Saunders; 2002.
60. Rhoads GG. Serum lipoprotein and coronary artery disease in a population study of Hawaiian Japanese men. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1976; 294: pp. 293-298.
61. Virdi J. Antihyperglycemic effects of three extracts from Momordica charantia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003; 88:107-111.
2. Kritikar KR, Basu BD. Indian medicinal plants. 2nd ed. Basu LM, editor. Allahabad; 1991.
3. Sheth AK. The Herbs of Ayurveda. 1st ed. Bhavnagar; 2006.
4. Peter KV. Handbook of Herbs and Spices Raton B, editor. USA: CRC Press; 2001.
5. Wildman R E C. Handbook of Neutraceuticals and Functional Foods Raton B, editor. USA: CRC Press; 2001.
6. Varalakshmi KN. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of Garcinia indica fruit rind extract. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences. 2010; 7(6): 652-656.
7. Mishra A, Bapat MM, Tilak JC, Devasagayam TPA. Antioxidant activity of Garcinia indica (kokam) and its syrup. Current science. 2006; 91(1): 90.
8. Rawari RK. In vitro antioxidant properties of Garcinia indica fruit rind extract. Journal pharmaceutical and scientific innovation. 2013; 2(3): 9-12.
9. Panda V. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of Garcinia indica fruit rind in ethanol induced hepatic damage in rodents. Interdisciplinary Toxicology. 2012; 5(4): 207-213.
10. Deore AB, Sapakal VD, Dashputre NL, Naikwade NS. Antiulcer activity of Garcinia indica linn fruit rinds. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2011; 1(5): 151-154.
11. Dhamija I, Parle M, Kumar S. Antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of Garcinia indica fruit rind via monoaminergic pathway. Journal of Biotechnology. 2017; 3(7): 131.
12. Sang S, Liao CH, Pan MH, Rosen RT, Shiau SYL, Lin JK, Ho CT. Chemical studies on antioxidant mechanism of garcinol: analysis of radical reaction products of garcinol with peroxylradicals and their antitumor activities. Tetrahedron. 2002; 58: 10095–10102.
13. Gurusamy K, Rangesh kumar VD, Virndha CA. Cardioprotective activity of Garcinia indica linn. Fruit extract on isoprenaline hydrochloride induced cardiotoxicity in rats. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2013; 5(4):242-245.
14. Khan S, Sonar PK, Saraf SA, Saraf SK, Javed SA. Immunomodulatory Activity of Fruit Rinds of Garcinia indica (Family Guttiferae) on Swiss Albino Mouse Model. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. 2015; 6(4): 774-777.
15. Rao RN, Sakariah KK. Lipid-lowering and antiobesity effect of (-) hydroxycitric acid. Nutrition Research. 1988; 8: 209-212.
16. Yamaguchi F, Saito M, Ariga T, Yoshimura Y, Nakazawa H. Free radical scavenging activity and antiulcer activity of garcinol from Garcinia indica fruit rind. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000; 48:2320-2325.
17. Krishnamurthy N, Lewis YS, Ravindranath, B. Chemical constitution of Kokum fruit – rind. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 1982; 19:97-100.
18. Padhye S, Ahmad A, Oswal N, Sarkar FH. Emerging role of Garcinol, the antioxidant chalcone from Garcinia indica Choisy and its synthetic analogs. Journal of Hematology & Oncology. 2009; 2:38-51.
19. Jena BS, Jayaprakasha GK, Singh RP, Sakariah KK. Chemistry and biochemistry of (–)-hydroxycitric acid from Garcinia. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002; 50(1):10-22.
20. Jayaprakasha GK, Sakariah KK. Determination of organic acids in leaves and rinds of Garcinia indica (Desr.) by LC. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2002; 28: 379-384.
21. Singh T, Kasture SB, Mohanty PK, Jaliwala Y, Karchuli MS. In Vitro antioxidative activity of phenolic and flavonoid compounds extracted from fruit of Garcinia indica. International Journal of Pharmacy and Life Sciences. 2011; 2(3): 613-616.
22. Nagendra K, Kusum R, Ramachandran HD. Review: Garcinia indica an overview of the phytochemistry and applications. International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research and Publications. 2015; 1(2):39-41.
23. Burton ES, Schneider DJ. Management of diabetes and heart disease. 1st ed. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2002.
24. Banerjee RK, Bandyopadhyay U, Das D. Reactive oxygen species: Oxidative damage and pathogenesis. Current Science. 1999; 77(5):658-666.
25. Baynes JW. Role of oxidative stress in development of complications in diabetes. Diabetes. 1991; 40:405-412.
26. Bowers LD. Kinetic serum creatinine assays I. The role of various factors in determining specificity. Clinical Chemistry. 1980; 26:551-554.
27. Braunwald E, Zipes DP, Libby P. Braunwald’s Heart disease: Textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 10th ed.: W.B. Saunders; 2004.
28. King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995–2025. Prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes care. 1998; 21:1414-1431.
29. Vats V, Yadav SP. Effect of T. foenum graecum on glycogen content of tissues and the key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003; 85: 237-242.
30. Brunton LL, Parker KL, Blumenthal DK, Buxton LO. Insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents and pharmacology of endocrine pancreas. In Brunton LL PKBDaBL. Goodman and Gillman’s Manual of pharmacology and therapeutics.: The McGraw- Hill Companies; 2008. pp. 1048-1068.
31. Katzung BG. Pancreatic hormone and antidiabetic drugs. In Katzung BG. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology. 10th ed. USA: McGraw Hill; 2007. pp. 683-708.
32. Anitha B, Mohan VR, Athiperumalsami T, Suthaa S. Ethnomedicinal plants used by the kanikkars of Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu, India to treat skin diseases. Ethnobotanical leaflets. 2008; 12:171-180.
33. Kesari AN, Gupta RK, Singh SK, Diwakar S, Watal G. Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activity of Aegle marmelos seed extracts in normal and diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2006; 107:374-379.
34. Sasaki R, Nishimura N, Hoshino H, Isa Y, Kadowaki M, Ichi T. Cyanidin 3-glucoside ameliorates hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity due to downregulation of retinal binding protein 4 expression in diabetic mice. Biochemical Pharmacology - Journal. 2007; 74(11): 1619-1627.
35. Khandelwal KR. Preliminary phytochemical screening. Practical Pharmacognocy: Techniques and Experiments. 19th ed. Pune: Nirali Publisher; 2008.
36. OECD. Guideline 425: Acute Oral Toxicity. Environmental health and safety monograph series on testing and assessment No. 24; 2001.
37. Katsumata K, Katsumata K, Katsumata Y. Protective effect of diltiazem hydrochloride on the occurrence of alloxan or streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats. Hormone and Metabolic Research - Journals. 1992; 24:508-510.
38. Szkudelski T, Kandulska K, Okulicz M. Alloxan in vivo does not only exert deleterious effects on pancreatic B cells. Physiological Research. 1998; 47:343-348.
39. Szkudelski T. The Mechanism of Alloxan and Streptozotocin Action in B Cells of the Rat Pancreas. Physiological Research. 2001; 50:536-546.
40. Kannur DM. Antidiabetic activity of Caesalpinia bonducella seed extracts in rats. Fitoterapia. 2006; 77:546-549.
41. Kliber A, Szkudelski T, Chichlowska J. Alloxan stimulation and subsequent inhibition of insulin release rom in situ perfused rat pancreas. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 1996; 47:321-328.
42. Sushruta K, Satyanarayana S, Srinivas N. Evaluation of the blood-glucose reducing effects of aqueous extracts of the selected umbelliferous fruits used in culinary practices. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2006; 5(2):613-618.
43. Gurusamy K, Kumar VDR. Antioxidant Effect of Garcinia indica Linn Fruit Extract against Isoprenaline Hydrochloride Induced Myocardial Necrosis in Rats. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research. 2014; 6(3):220-223.
44. Nobuyuki T, Takayuki A, Ichiro K, Yoshitaka N, Takashi Y. Alloxan-induced DNA strand breaks in pancreatic islets; evidence for H2O2 as an intermediate. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1991; 266(4):2112-2114.
45. Blasiak J, Sikora A, Czechowska A, Drzewoski J. Free radical scavengers can modulate the DNA-damaging action of alloxan. Act Biochimica polonica. 2003; 50(1):205-210.
46. Sakurai K, Katoh M, Someno K, Fujimoto Y. Apoptosis and mitochondrial damage in INS-1 cells treated with alloxan. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2001; 24:876-882.
47. Srinivasan K, Ramarao P. Animal models in type 2 diabetes research: an overview. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2007; 125:451-472.
48. Glugliano D, Eriello A, Paolosso G. Oxidative stress and diabetic vascular complications. Diabetes Care. 1996; 19:257-267.
49. Mustafa A, Didem DO, Nilufer OES, Erdem Y. In vivo antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of Helichrysum plicatum ssp. plicatum capitulums in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2007; 109:54-59.
50. Deore AB, Sapakal VD, Naikwade NS. Role of oxidative stress in pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. Pharmacologyonline. 2011; 2:603-621.
51. Maritim AC, Sanders RA, Watkins JB 3rd. Diabetes, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: A Review. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology. 2003; 17:24-37.
52. Meinders AE, Kuyvenhoven JP. Review article Oxidative stress and diabetes mellitus Pathogenesis of long-term complications. European Journal of Internal Medicine. 1999; 10:9-19.
53. Ravi Kumar MNV, Venkat Ratnam D, Ankola DD, Bhardwaj V, Sahana DK. Role of antioxidants in prophylaxis and therapy: A pharmaceutical perspective. Journal of Controlled Release. 2006; 113:189-207.
54. Kaneto H, Kajimoto Y, Fujitani Y, Matsuoka T, Sakamoto K, Matsuhisa M. Oxidative stress induces p21 expression in pancreatic islet cells: Possible implication in beta-cell dysfunction. Diabetologia. 1999; 42:1093-1097.
55. Panda V, Ashar H, Srinath S. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of Garcinia indica fruit rind in ethanol induced hepatic damage in rodents. Interdisciplinary Toxicology. 2012; 5(4): 207–213.
56. Punitha R. Manoharan S. Antihyperglycemic and antilipidperoxidative effects of Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Pierre flowers in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2006; 10(5): 39-46.
57. Bajaj JS. Diabetes care for the millions; a challenge for the next millennium Baba S KT, editor. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica; 1995.
58. John AA. Davidsons Principle and practice of medicine. 19th ed. London: Churchill livingstone; 2002.
59. Kumar P, Clark M. Clinical medicine. 5th ed. London: W B Saunders; 2002.
60. Rhoads GG. Serum lipoprotein and coronary artery disease in a population study of Hawaiian Japanese men. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1976; 294: pp. 293-298.
61. Virdi J. Antihyperglycemic effects of three extracts from Momordica charantia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003; 88:107-111.
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“ANTIDIABETIC, ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC AND RENAL PROTECTIVE ACTIVITIES OF GARCINIA INDICA LINN. CLUSIACEAE”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 10, no. 1, Jan. 2018, pp. 39-45, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2018.100107.
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“ANTIDIABETIC, ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC AND RENAL PROTECTIVE ACTIVITIES OF GARCINIA INDICA LINN. CLUSIACEAE”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, vol. 10, no. 1, Jan. 2018, pp. 39-45, https://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2018.100107.
